Cultural Evolution :: essays research papers

Cultural evolution began to occur during the most recent nut case Age, or within the goal hundred or fifty thousand years. This is when the tools thats are used for sophisticated hunting are found for example the spear thrower, the fully barbed harpoon, and the rocklike master tools that were used to defecate all the hunting tools. Cultural evolution took shape because man had the flexibility of mind to recognize inventions and to turn them into community property. The Ice Ages forced man to depend less on plants and more on animals, also the ice changed the strategy in which man hunted. Instead of stalking integrity animals, the better alternative was to follow herds and not to lose them, to learn to anticipate and in the end to adopt their habits, including their wandering migrations. This adaption is known as the transhumanance mode of flavor on the move. It adapts the earliest forms of hunting, because it is pursuit, where the animals go and how fast they go there set the p ace of life and the geography which where they lived. Also it has the later qualities of herding, because the animal is tended and stored as a mobile reservoir of food. This change from a vegetarian to an omnivorous diet, gave man more free time to spend in more direct ways. Meat is a more concentrated protein than plant, and eating meat cuts down the bulk and the time spent in eating by two thirds. Man would become completely dependent on the animal that he hunted, not only for food still products that could be made using the animals remains. Hides could be used for clothing or shelter and bones and antlers could be made into tools or utensils. Hunting could not support a growing population in one place so the hunters made the choice to either move with the herds or starve. Inventions of tools played a major role in cultural evolution, inventions may have been rare but they spread fast through a culture. Early inventions not only helped man survive but they helped him in becoming a civilized species that had direct and control of his lifestyle. Once an invention was discovered, man never left it at that, instead he studied the invention or tool and learned how to make it better or easier to use. The Magdalenian hunter of southern Europe fifteen thousand years ago invented the harpoon.

Persuasive Speech: Do Not Eat Fast Food -- Persuasive Speech

Specific Purpose Statement To persuade the audience not to eat desist food.Relevance You all have probably go through fast food sometime throughout your life.Credibility The first thing that comes to mind when mentioning fast food is greasy, oily, unhealthy garb, yet most of us birth junk food on a daily basis anyway. There are over 300,000 different fast food restaurants in the US. People normal them because of convenience (quick and usually cheap). In such a fast-paced society, people are eating more fast food than ever before (Stefanov, Sebastien). take in I am now going to inform you about what fast food is, what a typical meal contains, why fast food is unhealthy. tree trunkI. A. What is fast food?1. strong food is any food that is quick, convenient, and usually inexpensive (Fast Food Facts).a. Fast food is the term given to food that batch be prepared and served very quickly. The term fast food refers to precooked foods such as fries or pizza that typically must be used within a few hours, or they become dried out and unpalatable (Ali, Sam).b. Fast food places like McDonalds, Burger King, Jack-in-the-box, Wendys, Whataburger, etc., are all considered fast food restaurants. II. A. A typical meal and some facts1. According to the Nutritional Facts that are posted on McDonalds web site, one Big Mac contains 540 calories and 29 grams of fat, which is 45 percent of the national recommended daily value based on a 2,000-calorie diet, according to McDonalds. One large order of fries contains 500 calories and 25 grams of fat, which is 38 percent of the recommended daily value. The 32-ounce Coca-Cola Classic adds another 310 calories (Ali, Sam).a. Harvested potatoes contain about 80 pe... ...com/article/7532/.Fast Food Facts. Center for Young Womens Health. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2011. .Fast food facts from the Super Size Me Web site . The VivaVegie Society, Inc. . N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Apr. 2011. Manohar, Uttara. Fast Food Facts Effects of Fast Food. Buzzle Web Portal Intelligent Life on the Web. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2011. .Stefanov, Sebastien. fast food calories - AskMen. AskMen - Mens Online Magazine. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2011. .White, Janice. Why Fast Food is Bad for You. HubPages. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2011. .

The Role of Counseling :: essays papers

The Role of Counseling A study performed in 1992, inform approximately 3,400,000 youth had failed to complete heights discipline and were not enrolled in racy school (Starr 1998). This statistic is based on the United States where job competition has greatly increased due to technology. Many of these student lacked the support and training necessary to succeed in todays society. Currently in every high school across the nation, there is a person responsible for offering support and training to the youth of America. Available for all students is a guidance counselor. Counselors at bottom the high school setting play an influential role in the forming of post high school goals through the planning of numerous activities. Education week reported in the Metropolitan Life Survey of the American Teacher 2000 that seventy-one percent of students state their post-high school plans as a four-year college (Eduacation Week, 2000). The fact is 75 percent of Americans youth do not gr aduate from college (Starr, 1998). Due to the inconsistency of the reported statistics a counselor assumes to advise each student in the direction that best suits them. This task is difficult considering the large number of students per counselor. Counselors are able to advise more students through planned activities (Ordsmyth, 2002). There is also the need to support students through the transitional stage between significant events. Preparing a student to enter a four-year college, two-year college, military or job soak up is crucial to their future success.Ways to Prepare the StudentA guidance counselor is an important element in the formation of post high school plans. Counselors offer an outlet of information that should be used by all students. There are numerous ways for the counselor to approach post high school planning. One technique is the writing of an essay about their ideal school (Marthers, 1997). This idea was developed by, Paul Marthers, in hopes that conv ersation would be stimulated. A student involved in the college search should focus on their desires pertaining to college. A study by Nafziger, Holland and Gotffredon, in 1975, indicated the improbability of a student leaving a school that matches their personality type therefore the importance of the college search is highlighted (Marthers, 1997). Starting the college search with a positive outlook will affect the entire march (Marthers, 1997). Goodnough and Ripley are also accredited with a technique beneficial to post- high school planning (1997).

Essay --

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In Search of Excellence :: Essays Papers

In Search of ExcellenceThomas J. Peters and Robert H. Waterman, Jr., wrote In Search of Excellence as a model c overing all elements of operations and functions of businesses better-looking and small. In Search of Excellence gives great analysis and interesting examples to back up their theories. This book discusses eight core principles and McKinsey 7-S framework chart provided to companies for success. The authors break atomic pile the topics into specific themes with thoughts and charts for knowledge. Their findings suggest that eight core principles are common for excellent organization bias for action, close to the client, autonomy and entrepreneurship, productivity through people, hands on, take to be driven, stick to knitting, focus on what you do best, simple form lean staff and balance between centralized/decentralized organization. The McKinsey 7-S Framework deals with strategy, structure, style, systems, staff (people), skills, and overlap values (culture). Informal o rganizations can manage executives that are intractable, irrational and intuitive. When 7-S framework chart is used. Meaning that a new manger performance would be wish the old manager is ludicrous. The organization of workers must adjust and adapt to the new managers way of business. Peters and Watermans does a great business concern of explaining and giving examples of these eight principles while applying McKinsey 7-S framework chart. When nurturing and reward employees for excellence. Provide a climate of security and creativity in which employees developed loyalty and understanding of corporal values, and in turn developed to their full potential. Those long-term customer relationships based on trust, high quality and value in products and service. Re-inventing your company continuously in spite of appearance a defined sense of mission and social purpose.The eight principles below demonstrate values that work because they make sense. Growth is really about the great powe r to learn and teach. This research was the first of its kind identifying these principles.The first principle is a bias for action. This is saying Do it, work it or apply it When Arbys has a rush of customers and their supplies for making food are low, one customer would say You know what, my food is cold or You forgot my pickles and onions? They act and fix the problem, make it over if necessary, and get the problem solved as quickly as possible. The second Principle is to be close to the customer. This means good service and listening to what the customer has to say. If the producer, Arbys is not in touch with what the customer wants to eat, then the business will most likely fail.

In Search of Excellence :: Essays Papers

In Search of ExcellenceThomas J. Peters and Robert H. Waterman, Jr., wrote In Search of Excellence as a model covering every elements of operations and functions of businesses big and small. In Search of Excellence gives great analysis and interesting examples to back up their theories. This book discusses eight core principles and McKinsey 7-S framework map provided to companies for success. The authors break down the topics into specific themes with thoughts and charts for knowledge. Their findings suggest that eight core principles are common for excellent organization bias for action, close to the customer, autonomy and entrepreneurship, productivity through people, hands on, value driven, stick to knitting, focus on what you do best, simple form lean staff and balance between centralized/decentralized organization. The McKinsey 7-S poser deals with strategy, structure, style, systems, staff (people), skills, and shared values (culture). Informal organizations can manage exe cutives that are intractable, irrational and intuitive. When 7-S framework chart is used. Meaning that a new manger feat would be like the old manager is ludicrous. The organization of workers must adjust and adapt to the new managers way of business. Peters and Watermans does a great job of explaining and giving examples of these eight principles while slanging McKinsey 7-S framework chart. When nurturing and reward employees for excellence. Provide a climate of security and creativity in which employees developed the true and understanding of corporate values, and in turn developed to their full potential. Those long-term customer relationships based on trust, high quality and value in products and table service. Re-inventing your attach to continuously within a defined sense of mission and social purpose.The eight principles below demonstrate values that work because they make sense. Growth is in reality about the ability to learn and teach. This research was the first of its kind identifying these principles.The first principle is a bias for action. This is saying Do it, work it or apply it When Arbys has a rush of customers and their supplies for making food are low, one customer would say You know what, my food is cold or You forgot my pickles and onions? They act and pay back the problem, make it over if necessary, and get the problem solved as quickly as possible. The second Principle is to be close to the customer. This means good service and listening to what the customer has to say. If the producer, Arbys is not in touch with what the customer wants to eat, then the business will most likely fail.

Guidance and Counseling Essay

1. Five terms in counseling with their definitions and why you chose them? a. Individualization A client is unique and sin the client is different techniques in serve uping him should be different. I chose this term because it is pretty obvious that it is very important to know the differences of each client to help them more effectively. b. Controlled Emotional Involvement the client also need to receive appropriate response to his feelings. The counsellors response must be must be base on the thorough knowledge and understanding of the clients feelings, guided by purpose and not by emotion. While I was reading the hand-outs I was amazed with the principles of the counseling. This is my first time to know that trained counsellors are guided by principles and not by emotions.c. Acceptance The counsellor views the client as a whole person with strength and weaknesses, positive and negative feelings, congenial and non-congenial qualities. I agree with this principle because a cou nsellor must not choose whom he want to give counsel and must welcome anyone who needs it. d. Nonjudgmental attitude A client should not be judged. The counsellors authority is to objectively evaluate and understand the client and his situation. A counsellor must not be subjective in evaluating a client and must take out a compassionate and understanding attitude to a client. e. Follow up It is very important to make a client feel the concern of a counsellor to help him not just as a client only if as a person or more as a friend.2. Five terms in excellence and discuss why they are important to you. a. Never Never Never Give up I constantly believe that in journey to excellence will never be complete without disappointments and failures. The greatest glory is not in ever falling but in still standing despite all the obstacles that life may bring. Those people who do not commit mistakes are those who do not do anything at all.b. Attitude Talent may bring us up in the heights o f success but our attitude will make us stay there. c. Dream Excellent people are dreamers. They have their own invisible blueprints written in their hearts and minds that only them can see and they have each day believing and doing it. d. Afflicted. How can one claim victory without fighting a war? We should accept afflictions as though we are organic structure builders who treat the burdens of weights as something that can build them not hurt them.e. Continued on. Quitters never win and winners never quit. No one can limit us. It is us who are limiting ourselves. Let not trials stop us The earth is experiencing a lot of destructions each day but it never stopped.

Legal, Ethical, and Risk Management †You Decide Essay

I would want to begin by giving you a summarized scenario of assignment this week. My component in this scenario is an Event Leader for a tradeshow and displayion. At the day of the effect, I was standing by the loading dock with sweat dripping down my centre of attention brow. As dozens of trucks and other vehicles line up for what moderatems like miles in the distance. As the sun continued to beat down on the loading dock, the sum representatives begin to exchange words with me about who has had the jurisdiction of work.Fin anyy, I glanced at my watch and realized that the loads-in for the event was running two hours behind schedule, thus subject thousands of dollars in overtime charges. And this was only the beginning of trials for the trade show. Once the doors to the exhibition opened, hundreds of buyers streamed in and promptly clogged the aisles on one side of the exhibit floor. For almost four hours, buyers virtu exclusivelyy ignored rain showers on the other side of the exhibit floor.A few minutes after the exhibition began. Several exhibitors complained to me that the other exhibitors were acting loud music and stepping into the aisles to bring more people into their booths. The legal counsel for the exhibition center John Reed He reminded the exhibit manager that it is criminal for an exhibitor to play music without permission from the Ameri undersurface Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers or Broadcast Music, Inc.Fred Meyers, the union representative of the exhibit hall, was having some heated words about the jurisdiction of work with me. Then I nonice that I was running two hours behind acquiring the exhibit materials into the exhibit hall. Sam Smith, the Exhibition Manager, is getting concerned about the jobs developing with loud music in some exhibitors booths, the labor jurisdiction of work for the union, the issue of over conventioning, and the activities conducted in the booths.He pass along that I concur him a report so these issues would be solved before the next trade show which will begin pursual week. And these be the following objectives that I have to comply with his request as a report for me to submit. What should be included in the exhibitors policies, procedures, and practices and regulations? * Eligibility all(prenominal) exhibiting company must submit an application and contract for exhibit space or application for other options such as table tops displays, monstrance and safety plan.If accepted this will be ascend a binding agreement and soaringlights that our company has the right to deny access to any individual or scheme it deems to inconsistent with the goals of the event and its members, rights to reject application that is incomplete and incompliance to requirements, completing the application and reserving booth space proves that exhibitors agree to all rules and regulation of the event and any decisions of the event organizers will be acceptable , and further , that s aid exhibitor will bound by such decisions. Eligibility is conditions that an applicant or exhibitors must fulfill. * amends is a legal philosophy upon which the concept of most insurance policies rests. Its a protection from press release and damage claims filed by another person. For example, an event goer may have injured themselves from a slip and fall and the exhibitors must have an indemnity insurance to compensate lectureors.And for the exhibitors indemnify and hold harmless all organizers of the event , its officers, directors and employees, including volunteers , and members from all liability to any person or persons for or by reason of any condition, defect operation of any apparatus, equipment, or fixtures provide by the exhibitor in connection with his /her agents, servants or employees. This is to cover the exhibitors to help the visitors and event staffs to get restored to original state and helps the holder from suffering financial loss due to law suit. Exhibit ors Insurance May seems like a minor issue, but the organizers, venues and promoters take it very seriously. A simple trip and fall ca utilize by exhibitors actions and if this policy is not in place can cost the organizers, venues and promoters a lot of money. All exhibitors must have Insurance are part of eligibility to exhibit for the event. * Security We will not guarantee exhibitors against, nor shall it be responsible for, exhibitors materials loss or damage of any kind. All security that was provided by the event organizer is intended primarily for move control and credential verification.Exhibitors must provide their own security personnel. * Booth Selections this should be first shine first serve, a rank number are assigned after dues are fully paid. Booth structure and decor guidelines All aisles, passageways, overhead spaces, earthly concern meeting rooms, and other meeting facilities are controlled by event organizers. And exhibitors must adhere to the following. 1) No obstructive booth design is permitted, end cap Booths are not permitted and exhibitors may not sublet, assign or share any part of the space allocated. 2) Banners spanning the public aisle way are prohibited. 3) Displays, furnitures, etceteraIn public aisle ways is prohibited. If the exhibit hall is not carpeted, it is the exhibitors responsibility to carpet their booth. 4) Multi story exhibits must receive straightlaced approval from the convention center and / or appropriate local government agency.5) The maximum height of any island or peninsula booth structure or temporary removal signs is 20. 6) No live animals are permitted on the show floor, apart from authorized service animals. 7) No helium balloons are permitted or any high flammable materials on the show floor without approval from the event organizers and proof of contingency plan for safety and precaution. ) No automobiles or any type of vehicles are permitted on the show floor. 9) No offensive or inappropriat e signs or decorations permitted. 10) Exhibitors must solicit only at the vicinity of their booth. Any space not partially occupied at least 30 minutes prior opening. Will be forfeited by the exhibitor and can be used by the event organizers in any manner, without refund, unless arrangements for delayed occupancy have been previously approved by the event organizer. All booths must be install for the show by the passing play through with(predicate) inspections.The exhibitor agrees to maintain decorum in and around his exhibit space that will not offend or disturb other exhibitors. Exhibitors must police their own booths to be sure the noise levels from demonstrations or sound system is kept to a minimum and does not interfere with others. Demonstration sweeps must be organized within the exhibitors space so as to not interfere with any dealings in the aisle, and sampling or demonstration tables must be placed a minimum of 2 feet from the aisle line so as to forbid accidental in jury to spectators.Should the spectators interfere with the normal traffic escape in aisle ways, or overflow into neighboring exhibits, the presentation will be extra or eliminated. Booths must be staffed at all times the exhibit hall is open. How do you design the exhibit floor to avoid crowding, gridlock, and other crowd control issues? In the initial planning stages for major crowd events a number of considerations that we should addressed in advance. * Does the site have adequate access and re-create area for large numbers of sine qua non vehicles in a major incident? Is access to, and road engagement within, adequate, or would emergency responders have to walk significant distances to the principal spectator areas? * Once on site, is there sufficient room for staging or maneuvering, to permit repositioning or redeployment of emergency vehicles as directed by the incident? * Due to the nature of road access would early arriving vehicles be prevented from leaving by gridlock produced by subsequently arriving equipment? * Is the emplacement served by an access road or street which could be closed to the public and used only?If so, what and where will be the de tour plan? * Do we have enough parking for all spectators? Is event staff in place to guide spectators where to park , and stop others when parking lot is full and give directions where else can park their vehicles. Are there nearby areas for overflow parking? Are shuttle busses desirable, feasible, or necessary? * Does the location allow for adequate crowd regulation, e. g. existing regiment seating areas, flow barriers, ect.? * Are spectator overflow areas available to prevent crush, should spectator turnout significantly exceeds conceptualizeations? Is the surrounding road network able to handle the anticipated spectator vehicular traffic? * If the parking lot is full, will the road network allow continued vehicle flow thus preventing gridlock? Using a swot analysis will as well as help prev ent crowding, gridlock and other crowd control issues. What do you do if an exhibitor violates regulations? * A violation to the regulations of an event will result in cancellation of exhibit space during the event without refund. The event organizer reserves the right to impose demarcation line on noise levels and any other methods of operation which becomes objectionable.An immediate removal of all persons and goods. The exhibitor shall pay all expenses and damages that may incur through the enforcement of this rule. How do you communicate strongly with union workers? * Approach managing all employees the same way, whether theyre represented by a union or not because effective management applies to both being honest, communicating, well and often, listening to and resolving issues as they arise, recognizing and rewarding good performance, and creating an environment of trust and respect and thats you would treat everyone as employees, vendors, and unions.Union workers mean well in their actions and they are there to help. The best practice is to work with them as though they are an extra eyes and ears for you like a partner helping to manage as we all would. Utilized effectively, they can be helpful ally to you. When opportunity arises, resolve dispute promptly and fairly. Formal grievance procedures are standard in most union contracts, but theyre there only if you are unable to resolve the problem or disagreement.Speak to the people in your organization who can help you, like supervisor or human resources, then work openly with your give away stewards and your employees. Know what you want because you will have to put it in writing. They value contracts and this replaces hand books and they are hard and fast rules that govern your kind with these employees. Review your nonunion policy and energise sure they are similar ensure fairness. Key is to be fair. What are some creative solutions to ensure that buyers visit underutilized areas of the exhibit area? Ahead of time before the event starts, use the power of the media to attract attention to your companys display at the show. This segmentation provides the strategies, tool and tips you need to create successful press releases and press kits. Try to conduct some press conferences as well to orient spectators of what are the exiting things to expect and once the event starts , spectators will come to your booth even it is located far, far away or back behind everyone else, spectators will come and see you for the specific things that they need.I strongly believe that an effective public relations effort begins before the show, continues at the show and pays big dividends for your company if you restrict it up after the show. Sales are not only a job its a relationship committed to do better for your company and all it takes in your part is your sincere friendship. You can start by sending e-mail blast to every prospect that you have and arrange appointments just make sure you set your appointments not to close to each other and may clash cause problems. Have visual effects of your product on the show, clients loves pictures, better yet a presentation that explains your product.Dont settle with just free key chains and pamphlets because you can give them out all day long but what is important is they know what you are selling and understand the value of whats in it for them. And to keep them lingering around you booth, I would suggest to be creative on obstacles of marketing, like preventing distraction to your prospect. Prospects on events usually come with family with kids having toys or an amusement area for them and this will relieve the adults to focus on what you are selling. Do roulette games and door prizes that usually work in my personal experiences.Refreshments and cookies never fails, they probably come to your booth first before anything else. And lastly , after the event is over make sure all your leads receive a follow up with requested i nformation, asking them how was the event, and any suggestions, and what did you like most and the least using personal phone calls, direct mail, faxes or e-mails to respond back to you . and this will help also to retain contacts and invite them back for another successful event like how you did in the past and specially improved. Happy Selling

Caste System

A Day in Life Case system Narrative My feet, burning walking through the villages while the higher caste throng Just st ar at us, as if we are animals that rich person no home. My son is screaming as he is sick from the polluted water we have to drink from. The higher caste people drink from clean fresh wells and laugh at us as we drink from the local pocket billiards filled with animal feces. There isnt frequently hope for our kind of people, alone for us its all virtually slim chances. My people help each separate in times of need, the same caste helps the people inside f it, but requesting help from another caste is getting a guaranteed no.The different castes start like they are different from each other as if we are both two different animals except we are like an ant and the brahman are like a tiger. We have different jobs, ways of tone, and values. I wake up tired and exhausted and send my son to his job which is cleanup the town caste, he knows its filthy but he kno ws we need every penny we can get. I have two Jobs one is being a servant for a higher caste family, and cleaning high castes houses. I work for 18 hours a day and receive below minimum rent for my Jobs.There is nothing we can do about it we untouchables dont have any power and barely any if we do have any. We Just need to accept that we are not welcomed. Many of us tried to revolt and take what we deserve and some of us, like I Just accept we are treated so poorly. The protestors dont get very far, we might get one or two right gained but nothing to major. Most people are planning to revolt, but Im a coward and I do not want to be downgraded in the next life. I believe ow we are treated is very poorly, but in time I think we deserve much more respect than what we have now.We will always be the untouchables, and there is nothing we can do about it. But being treated this poorly is not human. The untouchables are treated with disrespect like we insult their views. I believe in rein carnation and how we untouchables came to plump with a low reputation, so for now I hope to live my life and follow the Mandate of Heaven to come back with a much higher status. Each one of us are put into the spot we have now because of our previous actions, and I accept hat before my life as an untouchable I have done some bad things that brought me into this depressing life, but its the way the game of life works.Life as an untouchable is the lash it ever gets, its wrong to harm people in such a way and this will make those upper caste people who make us suffer untouchables, and then they can experience what we have to go through. I personally believe the Caste system is fair, and that everyone will eventually undergo a period of hardship. Life isnt easy, and everyone will eventually understand that. Caste System By rmarhaba

A Case Study of Afghan Women’s Rights Essay

Afghanistaniistan has get laidd almost three decades of continuous conflict, which has under(a)mined the physical and sexual security of Afghan women in rural as well as urban environments. In a historical analysis, cocker prevalence and sexual violence are directly cerebrate to ethnic conflict and warring factions. The International Coalition has exacerbated the problem of warlord-dominance in the countryside by utilizing Northern Alliance militias in the War on Terror. These militias have records of colossal human skilfuls abuses and war crimes, including the perpetration of systemic rape campaigns for ethnic-cleansing. Human rights abuses force Afghan women to live in terror.1 Sixteen-year-old Nazias family wedded her to a forty-year-old man, Mumtaz, in family line two hundred7.2 Two weeks later, her husband beat her for no obvious reason. 3 Mumtaz had become suspicious that Nazia met former(a) men secretly, so he beat her until she fainted key out much Ethnic groups and racism essay.4 He tied her d stimulate and broke her teeth with a st ane.5 He poured boiling water on her feet.6 When Nazia subsequently did non cook dinner for him because she could not stand, he tied her up and beat her again.7 While enduring the violence, she felt an excruciating pain in her left and right ears and tasted blood flowing down her face.8 Mumtaz had cut off her ears and her nose with hisknife.9 Nazias story, told from her hospital bed in Qalat,Afghanistan, 10 serves as an example of the plight of women in Afghanistan11 and the human rights violations targeted atwomen.12 Human rights abuses against Afghan women occur daily.13 Women face punishment such as public whippings, stonings, and imprisonment for inadvertently exposing their ankles or for wearing brightly dismal shoes.14 Although Afghanistans current constitution,15 and the international treaties 16 to which Afghanistan is a signatory, enumerate equal rights for women and men, 17 poor equity utilisement, l ack of awareness about womens rights,and conservative traditions 18 prevent the promise of equal rights from becoming a reality.19 patronage these guarantees of womens fundamental rights, significant challenges remain for Afghan women in cost of implementing the constitutional provisions, and reconciling the to a greater extent conservative and male-dominated aspects of Afghan federation with culturally pragmatic conceptions of gender equality.20 The 2003 Constitution in any case requires that Afghanistan abide by international conventions that it has signed,21 including the practice on the excrement of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW),22 yet Afghan women and girls continue to suffer from entrenched divergence throughout the country.23 As a result, Afghanistan is currently a haven for severe human rights abuses against women and girls.24 Women are the victims of discrimination and human rights abuses because Islamic societies often interpret human rights for women to conflict with Islamic law. 25 Afghanistan is one of these societies.26 Despite equal rights for women and men written in the 2003 Constitution, Afghan women are not afforded rights equal to men in practice, and they presently live in terror. 27 This comment addresses gender rights in Afghanistan, focusing on continuing human rights violations28 despite Afghanistans international treaty obligations 29 and prohibitions against discrimination in the 2003 Afghan Constitution.A member of the Bamyan Provincial Council, Wahidi Beheshti, is accused of killing a young girl named Shakila on January 22 this year in his own house in Bamyan province. She had been outrage by Beheshti and then killed with a gun of his bodyguard. Beheshtis family claimed Shakila had committed suicide however forensics proved that she had been killed. Wahidi Beheshti denied any involvement in the matter scarcely the police had in addition said that Shakila had been killed with a gun of Beheshtis bodyguar d Qurban. Also the forensics who performed the postmortem said they had found evidence that Shakila had been raped by Beheshti before she was killed. According to Mohammad Alam, Shakilas brother, twain Beheshti and his nephew Abdul Wahab were present at the scene of the murder but both denied their carriage. He had told Bokhdi News Agency, Wahidi Beheshti threatened my family by phone several times and demanded that we cooperate with them so that the matter is resolved quietly. He promised in his phone calls that he will pay the court bullion to free Qurban (accused of murder) and wrap up the matter in whatever way possible.Wahidi Beheshtis brother Fokori Beheshti is a member of the parliament and his father was a strongman in the area during the 1990s. The case is under deliberation in a court in Bamyan province but Beheshtis powerful brother and friends are nerve-wracking to free him by any means possible. According to sources Fokori Beheshti, Said Hussain Anwari and Said Alim i Balkhi (all members of the national assembly) have pressurized the police forensics not to present evidence of Shakilas rape by Wahidi Beheshti to the court. In a country where so-called lawmakers rape and kill an innocent girl, it is only natural to expect obstruction of justice.There are thousands of Shakilas who bettor victims or live a life of pain and sufferings, and hundreds of Beheshtis who roam about freely thanks to the impunity given to them by cruel local commanders, misogynist lawmakers and judges, and in conclusion the corrupt mafia government.30 During the consultations, a major(ip)ity of women expressed that they have not meaningfully ramifyicipated in planning for the protective cover transit. In the provinces where Transition has yet to formally start, women do not believe they will be involved in consultations to determine future plans, steps, and activities associated with the transfer of security authority.Recent consultations also revealed that women do not feel that Afghan case Security Forces are responsive to womens needs and do not uphold human rights standards. Women perceive Afghan National Security Forces as not having the full dexterity and expertise necessary to address the security needs of Afghan citizens, peculiarly women and children. They also believe that in recent years, little attention has been given to build the capacity of ANSF to modify well-bredian adherence to existing laws and advance rule of law by demonstrating that state who violate laws will be punished. However, women still expressed a strong interest in the international community continuing to work to build the capacity and adequately resource the ANSF.Policy makers in Afghanistan reiterate again and again that renewing is not about military and security matters alone, however practical experience on the ground shows that there isnt adequate attention paid to improving rule of law, governance, and access to justice. Similarly, it is un overhaul how such processes are impacting womens security. Transition should start from a citizen-articulated vision in which women and men of Afghanistan take responsibility for their better future.The road map for the exit of international forces is necessary however, an accelerated secession will jeopardize the investments of human life and material resources generously contributed by more than 40 nations, not to mention the numerous casualties of Afghan National Security Forces and enormous sacrifice by the this countrys women, men and children. Women organizations and activists have better access to local communities and are aware about the challenges and causes of insecurity in their communities therefore they should be consulted and included to ensure that security and transition plans are implemented successfully.BACKGROUNDA. Treatment of Women in Afghanistan from the Rule of the Soviet Union to the array Following civil war in Afghanistan in 1978, the Soviet Union took control of Afghanistan and created many opportunities for women,including aggressive literacy programs.31 Under the Soviet Unions communist regimefrom 1979 to 1992, Afghan women enjoyed equal rights and social, economic, and semipolitical license.32 In the 1980s, the Communists enforced equal rights for women and men in a civil-war-torn Afghanistan.33 As a result, women held a greater number of business, law enforcement, and Parliament positions than they did prior to the civil war. 34 Furthermore, education and employment became more socially acceptable for women.35 As a result, women assumed positions as lawyers, entertainers, and doctors.36 As part of this greater freedom, women saw more educational, employment, and professional opportunities. 37 In 1979, female students even outnumbered male students at universities.38In 1992,39 the Communist regime fell and the Islamic recite of Afghanistan assumed control.40 Subsequently, the rights and dignity of women went out the window41 The 197 7 constitution that guaranteed equal rights for women and men was thrown out 42 The Islamic State of Afghanistan began to remove womens rights systematically, and institutionalized various violations against women.43 In 1993, the Islamic State of Afghanistan ruled women essential be completely covered, women could not wear perfume or makeup, and womens freedom and mobility would be restricted.44The justification for these rulings was that men become too excited by women and are tempted to stray from the Islamic way of life, and the restrictions on women reduce this temptation.45 In addition, other, more violent human rights abuses towards women occurred under the Islamic State of Afghanistan, such as torture, rape, and sexual abuse.46 Interestingly, also in 1993, as part of the Vienna Declaration,47 Afghanistan formally reaffirmed its confidence in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, and in the equal rights of men and women48 The Vienna Declarat ion also tonic the importance of eliminating violence against women and any conflicts that may arise between the rights of women and the harmful effects of certain traditional or customary practices, cultural prejudices and religious extremism.49 Despite Afghanistans part in the Vienna Declaration, human rights abuses against women continued as the Taliban 50 emerged as a volatile front end in Afghanistan.51 Taliban rule, which lasted from 1996 to 2001,52 resulted in major setbacks for women.53 The Taliban developed as a political-religious force,54 and eventually seized the cities of Kandahar in 1994, Herat in 1995, and Kabul, Afghanistans capital, in 1996.55 Before the Taliban captured Kabul, women made up seventy part of teachers, forty percent of doctors, and generally worked in all areas of employment.56 After the Taliban fully seized power, it severely oppressed womens rights.57 The oppressive Taliban policies profaned United Nations treaties, but the Taliban asserted that the treaties duties were inappropriate with religious law and cultural practices.58 The Taliban began by closing all schools for girls and forbidding women to work outside the house. 59 The Taliban imposed rules on women, restricting their freedom of movement, dress, education, and employment.60 The women and girls who violated these rules received punishments, including beatings on the streets, amputation of limbs, and public executions.61 The Taliban justified its practices in accordance with its interpretation of the Quran,62claiming to follow a pure, fundamentalist Islamic ideology.63 Taliban leaders enforced the law as they saw fit and prohibited differing interpretation.64 The plight of Afghan women living under the Taliban regime became an issue of global concern. 65 After the terrorist attacks on the creative activity Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001, and the subsequent United States military invasion of Afghanistan in October 2001, the Taliban regime co llapsed.66 This development presented women with the opportunity to fight for gender equality.67On declination 5, 2001, the Bonn Agreements 68 enactmentd that the Transitional Administration of Afghanistan set up a Constitutional Commission to draft a new constitution.69 The Constitutional Commissions mandate was to ascertain the Afghan peoples desires, both within the country and abroad, regarding their new constitution.70 The thirty-five member commission drafted the new constitution. 71 Seven of the thirty-five commission members were women, 72 which ensured the participation of women in the constitution making process73 As part of the drafting commission, Afghan women were finally able to play a usage in addressing womens fundamental rights in the 2003 Constitution.74INTERNATIONAL POLICY REVIW AND RECOMMENDATIONSWar and political insecurity in Afghanistan are directly related to rape relative incidence and sexual violence, especially under a free reign of ethnically divided militia factions. By empowering the Northern Alliance militias, the international community has created a long-term institutional problem that will undermine the democratic transition. Not only do these warlords have the military capacity to affect the electoral processes in their localities, but their de facto rule of the countryside also incapacitates the profound authority in maintaining effective governance. The preponderance of warlords has also been legitimized through the democratic process, which offers militia commanders an opportunity to engage the political process in an official capacity while secretly maintaining their criminal and military powers. As a result, the international community has made the long-term presence of coalition military forces necessary for maintaining law and order.Because the international community empowered these militias in the War on Terror, the presence of international forces is required to keep the commanders under control, in order to a void the brutality and violence of the civil war period. The recent decision by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to ontogenesis the number of International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) troops to expand the international mission into the unstable countryside is the most recent attempt to bolster the central governments effectiveness in the rural regions.75 The expanded mission has been hailed as the solution to transition from warlord rule to democratic self-governance. The Canadian military latterly announced that its new troop contingent expects to remain in Kandahar province for up to 20 years to help restore the country and prevent other collapse into civil war. These forces are expected to act as a stabilizing force to keep warlords in check.However, a long-term international presence might be alarming to Afghans who have a history of deep xenophobia and hostility towards occupying forces. Furthermore, regional and international power struggles between Pakist an and India, and the USA and Russia have exacerbated Afghanistans internal fragmentation, as international military forces continue to mobilize paramilitary groups against their rivals. Afghan people have also grown suspicious of the international do-gooder agenda in Afghanistan, which diverts a majority percentage of international funds to private security and contrasted salaries, rather than food, medicine, or other vitally involve supplies for Afghan people.There are four key actions that the International Coalition and civil society actors must consider in order to correct the political chaos that has emerged in the post-Taliban period, which undermines the rights and protection of Afghan women. First, American forces must stop financing militias for use against the Taliban and al-Qaeda in the War on Terror. By utilizing these placeholder militias, the international community has disempowered Afghan people and undermined the capacity of the central government to protect it s citizens and enforce its laws. The resulting political instability and preponderance of foreign-backed warlords and militia groups in the countryside also directly threatens both the physical and sexual security of rural Afghan women. Second, the warlords that the US-led coalition co-opted during the offensive against the Taliban, who now hold official Parliamentary and Cabinet positions in the central government, must be stripped of their political power in the new democracy.Furthermore, those warlords accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity, including sexual abuse, must be brought before both local courts and international tribunals. In order to establish a horticulture of social reconciliation and peace-building, all human rights violations committed during the four war periods must be resolved through legal and social mechanisms that provide rape victims with the opportunity to seek justice for atrocities perpetrated against them. Traditional values, especially thos e pertaining to women, the family, and social justice, must be considered in the development of laws that address violence against women. Third, in order to address the survival needs of the majority of Afghan women, international civil society actors must invest in rural development, health, and education, and co-operate with local partner organizations. Currently, international funding for humanitarian assistance is directed primarily towards the more stable and accessible urban environments, where international organizations have developed isolated communities of wealthy ex-patriots.Rampant accusations that non-governmental organizations have squandered Afghanistans international funding through dubious projects and lofty salaries for foreign workers must also be investigated, in order to establish legitimacy and accountability within the civil society network. The creation of an internationally-sponsored, government-monitored, socially responsible, and grassroots civil society i n rural Afghanistan would empower rural women in their communities and increase the capacity of the central government in the lawless countryside. Fourth, the traditional Islamic culture and values of Afghans must be respected in the development of womens rights policies.Historically, Afghans have opposed radical changes in womens social and legal status, especially those that they perceived violated the principles of Islamic law. In order to maintain a semblance of legitimacy with rural peoples, the international community must demonstrate an judgement of and respect for traditional norms and Islamic religious values, including those pertaining to women. By operating within culturally sensitive frameworks, the international community would avoid hostile backlash and better address the needs of Afghan women.The failure of the state of Afghanistan remains the most fundamental obstacle in the promotion of gender equality, as without the strength to enforce domestic legal and politica l reforms in rural areas, the government is ineffectual in most of the country. The International Coalition in Afghanistan must cease empowering and change warlords and militia commanders for convenient military purposes, which fundamentally impedes efforts to bring rapists and human rights violators to justice in local and international arenas. Coalition forces and the international community must also remain conscious of the deep Islamic character of the Afghan people, as it pertains to cultural norms that apply to women, sex, and family relations.The recommendations listed above build upon and supplement the concrete recommendations developed by Afghan women who have advocated for their inclusion in peace and security processes over many years. Each time, women have worked to develop solutions for what needs to be done to improve their situation. AWN brings a number of these recommendations back to the memory of policy makers who may have read Afghan Women Position Paper toward Bonn and Beyond. This is a reflection to evaluate the level of seriousness and attention that might have been put towards the demands of women since September 2011.1. Womens organization should be included in designing, monitoring and evaluating indicators that measure the impact of transition on women. Transition decisions should be based, in part, on results of this monitoring. 2. The recruitment of Afghan Local Police (ALP) and other security alternative needs to include a transparent vetting process so that former and current warlords with previous record of human rights violations do not automatically become part of the national forces. A portion of the vetting process should be community based, allowing womens groups and women from communities to report on the background of the newly enrolled security forces 3. Women leaders in government and civil society are under constant attack, while it is necessary to ensure womens protection in general, women leaders protection needs to be a anteriority as per their critical role as agents of change in society against conservative elements taking Afghanistan back to 1990.4. The Afghan government should have a clear reporting process for the human rights instruments and international laws that it has signed and needs to demonstrate that Afghan laws are not in contradiction with its international legal commitments for women.5. A joint International Afghanistan War Memory Commission should be created so that the past 30 years of war violations are identified and there is a documentation process as a matter of conflict prevention. Such an investigation does not have to conclude in a legal rill but a memory of war and the beginning of a healing process. Otherwise, the practice of impunity will not unite Afghans towards a rule of law culture. shutdownAfghanistan is still a haven for gender violence and discrimination despite equal rights enumerated in the Afghan Constitution. 76The Afghan Constitution requires that Af ghanistan abide by the UDHR, the U.N. Charter, and other international treaties to which Afghanistan is a signatory. 77 However, these rights are unrealized in practice due to problems with the judiciary, such as lack of training and corruption,78 and the lack of awareness among the Afghan people of the law.79 To remedy these problems, Afghanistan should interpret its Constitution in accordance with Islamic laws following the examples of Iran80 and Egypt81 Afghanistan should train the judiciary not only on secular law, but on how to interpret the Constitution and international law in accordance with Sharia.If feasible, respected Islamic judges from Egypt should provide guidance to Afghanistans judges.Furthermore, Afghanistan should simultaneously parcel out information like the Bench Book 82 to increase womens awareness and understanding of their rights and the procedural mechanisms to report infringement upon their rights. As Afghanistan continues to develop and strengthen its le gal infrastructure within the framework of Islamic law, progressive interpretation of the Sharia is necessary in order for constitutional laws to be accepted and followed by Muslims.83 As the people of Afghanistan become more aware of the laws that govern their state and as they accept that womens rights principles can co-exist with Islamic principles, womens participation in society and politics will improve. This would be a large and overdue step for Afghanistan.References1. See Jessica Nash, Editorial, Afghan Women Forced to Live in Terror, W. GEORGIAN, Oct. 17, 2007, http//media.www.thewestgeorgian.com/media/storage/paper523/ news/2007/10/1 7/Opinion/Afghan.Women.Forced.To.Live.In.Terror-3035567-page2.shtml. 2. Nazia Afghanistan My Husband Cut off My Ears and Nose and Broke My Teeth, IRIN NEWS, Dec. 26, 2007,http//www.irinnews.org/HOVReport.aspx?ReportId=76003. 3. Id.4. Id.5. Id.6. Id.7. Id.8. Nazia Afghanistan My Husband Cut off My Ears and Nose and Broke My Teeth, higher up n ote 2. 9. Id. (showing pictures of the mutilation).10. Id.11. Michael Stittle, Warlords No Better Than Taliban, Says Afghan MP, CTV NEWS, Nov. 8. 2007, http//www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20071107/Malalai-Joya 071107/20071107/. 12. See Nash, supra note 1.13. See id.14. Id.15. The 502 delegate Loya Jirga (Grand Council) passed the 2003 Afghan Constitution on January 4, 2004, which governs Afghanistan today. pack INGALUS, THE NEW AFGHAN CONSTITUTION A STEP BACKWARDS FOR DEMOCRACY 1-2 (2004), http//www.fpif.org/papers/2004afghanconst.html. 16. See infra notes 105-09 and accompanying text.17. See infra notes 87-90.18. Women Workers Exposed to wellness Risks in Herat Factories, IRIN NEWS, Oct. 30, 2007, http//www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=75048. 19. See, e.g., Nash, supra note 1 (explaining that womens freedoms are restricted every day in Afghanistan). 20. Horia Mosadiq, The New Afghan Constitution How Women Succeeded in Ensuring certain(a) Rights and What Challe nges Remain, 3 CRITICAL HALF 28, 28 (2005), available at http//www. womenforwomen.org/news-women-forwomen/ files/crit-half/CHJournalv3.pdf. 21. AFG. CONST. art. 7, available at http//afghanland.com/history/constitution.html. 22. United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women States Parties, http//www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/states.htm (last visited Oct. 18,2008) hereinafter CEDAW States Parties. 23. Human Rights Watch, More Business Than Usual The Work Which Awaits the Human Rights Council, Mar. 12, 2007, http//hrw.org/englisb/docs/2007/03/12/sudanl5471.htm hereinafter HRW, More Business Than Usual. 24. Id.25. Katherine M. Weaver, Comment, Womens Rights and Sharia virtue A Workable Reality? An Examination of Possible International Human Rights Approaches through the Continuing Reform of the Pakistani Hudood Ordinance, 17 DUKE J. COMP. & INTL L. 483, 483 (2007). 26. See supra notes 15-21 and accomp anying text.27. See Nash, supra note 1. 28. HRW, More Business Than Usual, supra note 23 (Afghan women and girls continue to suffer from entrenched discrimination throughout the country.). 29. CEDAW States Parties, supra note 22. Afghanistan acceded the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women on March 5, 2003. Id. 30. See http//www.rawa.org/temp/runews/2012/07/18/a-member-of-bamyan-s-provincial-council-accused-of-raping-and-murdering-a-teenage-girl.html .

Meaning of life Essay

A man once said A man once said to the universe Sir do I exist However, replied the universe the fact has non created in me a sense of obligation. The great Philosopher Stephen Crane explained his work in existentialism by make-up this quote. Existentialism is the philosophy and cultural movement that holds the starting point of philosophy. Thinking must be the individual and experiences of the individual. The quote that Stephen crane wrote, talks about how full because he exist the universe isnt going to change just because you only exist.Your te one that has to give your life meaning. The philosophy of existentialism does not have a specific school or obliges. But it is a way of living your life as you want but still keen what the consequences ar. The most important human activity is decision making. Through our choices, we create our lives and become ourselves when you wake up every morning you think for yourself and make your consume decision using your own thoughts and a ctions.No one lives forever therefore make your time worthwhile enjoy your life how you like to live it wear thint let anything or anyone make decision for you. Todays living is much commercialized. Its all around you and always trying to change you to do what they want, and buy what they want. The movie Fight Cllub is based off of the theory of existentialism. As the movie starts tyler durden is just going through the motions of living life. He keeps the equivalent routine day in and day out. He goes to work.He hates his brag. But never has the courage to stand up for him self he does whatever the political boss tells him to without questioning her. Then he goes posterior to his apartment that he has identical to the ikea magazine. each(prenominal) of his furniture, carpets, cups, covers, and chairs exactly as the pictures on the ikea magazine. Hes sitting grit letting the commercializing life take over him. He doesnt know who he is. As the movie proceeds tyler durden star ts getting fed up of how hes been living life.The moment that he himself blew up his apartment was because he wanted a whole new start and starts taking control of his life. This is where I believe he starts living the theory of existentialism. After he blows up his condo he moves to a old abanded house, and gets rid of al his commercialized material. All this came from fighting. When he fought in the fight club it wasnt about winning or losing it was about letting yourself free. Fighting brought the men some indrenalum and for those minutes they fought they matte alive and forgot about all their problems.In this society Living in todays society you have to follow a certain great deal of rules just to fit into the normal people a lot of humans in this society just sit back and watch their lives go by in their movie tyler durden helps me understand that instead of us just being spectator and watching things through our TV and magazines we should go out and be active members of wha t ever you would like to do. In the book the stranger Meursault helped me understand the concept of existentialism. When Meursaults mother dies. Meursault has to ask his boss for sometime off because his mother has died.Meursault tells his boss sorry for taking the time off. This makes me think that he really didnt care that his mom passed away he seen it as a set back to his usual life. Maman died. Or yesterday maybe I dont know, I got a telegram from the home when I read this it immediately gives me an smell of a lack of emotion towards the death of his mother. This lack of emotion shows the existentialist idea that we all die, it doesnt matter what life we have while we are alive we simply exist, as Meursault did. As you keep reading the novel, You take notice that Meursault doesnt like introducing himself with neighbors.It seems to me as if Meursault simply acts to fill his time. He is a single man that has a lot of time to fill. And he finally starts figuring out that his we ekends pass by particularly slowly. The way I started noticing is Meursault started to us short sentences to convey an atmosphere showing emotion and feelings. You could really take notice of this between page 21 and 24, at the end of chapter two, when Meursault is giving a very descriptive narrative of the life outside his window on a typical sunlight. He ends the chapter by saying one more Sunday was over nothing had changed.Throughout the entire book the stranger Meursault is a very laid back guy that doesnt let many things force play his actions. He believes everyone is just here to fill in some spots. That there is no meaning in life. Since everyone will die. But at the end of the book he is put in front of death. And this is where all his emotion comes out. He now understands that he had been mistaken that he never had anyone close to him in his life. The essential human nature is to interact with other humans, and once he was put in front of death he wished people knew who he was.

Characters in Teechers Essay

The characters that I played were Mr Basford and Doug the Caretaker. Mr Basford is the de pully head, a typical child hater, a nasty piece of work while Doug the Caretaker is, a miserable old objet dart who hates kids and drama.I think I was very well suited to play these characters, as I like to sh let on a lot and use my voice to project what Im saying.With Mr Basford my face was in a permanent bring down, as thats how I would imagine him to be, except a man that would never ever smile, even at anything that everybody else would find funny.I dont think that I did any specific gestures as Mr Basford. I know that when I was shouting, I was rocking back and forth on my feet to try and emphasise that I was angry and to try and show that I was so angry that I couldnt control myself.I walked around the room like I owned it, to try and show that I was in derive control as I think that Mr Basford would just have a lot of authority so thats what I was trying to show. I put my back strai ght and led my walk with my nose, as if I was looking down it at people because I had a higher status thence them.My favourite phrase that I employ was May the Lord thy God have mercy on your soul, for I, my child, certainly will not I used this one obviously to show what Mr Basford would be like, using ridiculous phrases to show how angry and crazy he is, which I said in a biting tone.I didnt necessarily put a specific accent on, but I did raise my voice quite a lot because I think that he would just be shouting all the time.I think that if I could choose a costume for Mr Basford then he would be wearing a grey, boring dull coloured suit with an equally dull shirt and tie, just to emphasise how boring and dull he is. He would probably wear the same clothes all through the week only washing it at weekends so that he had a quite cold-blooded smell. He would also be wearing some sensible black shoes because he is in general a sensible man that wouldnt really be caught wearing train ers.My other character, Doug the Caretaker I think was quite an easy character to play as he was sort of a stereotype of a caretaker. He wasnt a very smart character and only moaned about was everybody else not letting him do his job.Again, with Doug, I had a frown on all the time I was in role as him. As I said earlier Doug is a miserable old man who hates kids and drama. So because of this I thought it would be a good idea to make him look as grumpy and miserable and unhappy as possible. I tried to show this by changing my facial expressions accordingly. When I was arguing with Mr Nixon, I tried to show as clearly as possible that I was not very happy that he wasnt letting me clean the hall.All the way through, I had my buffer out and tried to show that I wanted to clean so I held my arms out to try and show that I really had it to try and show it realistically.When I moved, I was corrupt over and I was on a quite unkept level. I did this for this character because I think he w ould have quite a low status and that all of those years of cleaning would have done his back in so therefore he would have to hunch over so he didnt do anymore damage to it.With Doug, I put on a Norfolk-come-Farmer accent. I used this because I tried to make him cash in ones chips different and kind of uneducated. I think that my accent was quite effective and it had a bit of a comedic effect on the audience, as it was so unexpected. I didnt use any specific phrases while I was in role as Doug but I said things like Arghget out of my hall, I need to do my job and youre not letting me

Effects of Media on Adolescents

Effects of the Media on Adolescents Effects of the Media on Adolescents Sex and the blasphemous lifestyle, ensurems to be the biggest selling industry on the marked, next to electronics however has its fair share of effects on the adolescents of today. The media identifies or portrays the act of sexuality as the norm. The honest television show often shows young girls being flirtatious, performing sexual acts, and disrespecting their parents. The media often display young men as sexual predators, acting equal horn dogs, pressuring the girls for sex.Homosexuality is now more prevalent in the media, as other aspects of sexuality are. The good thing about the media and its advanced sexual theme is that it helps to educate the youths about what is out there in these streets, such as sexually transmitted diseases, sexual predators, and how to deal with people such as homosexuals who force be considered different. With the exposure to this type of media, the adolescents will be more aware and better equipped to deal with the situations that the might face while growing up.On the other hand, others may disagree with sexuality being so prevalent in the media. On the down side, too much sexual exposure may influence the youths to be more eager, and ready to participate in such acts. Even a young boy may think that the men they see dominating and assaulting women are cool, because of the level of control and power the men assume when the commit rape. It is very difficult to determine what may happen from viewing or listening to sexual media, so its best that some material be limited to the a specific age group hence the rating on certain films.The media portrayal of sexuality was a big influence on me growing up. Being born on the Island of Jamaica, I grew up with a safe Christian background loaded with good teachings of how to live with thy neighbor. So treating others as good as I would like to be treated, and honoring the commandments was my guide. However, th e Island is also know for its culture of dancing carnival and whining, which are very sexual displays also reggae music is either roots and culture or usually sexual lyrics.along with the music, most parents or grandparents usually tell their children, that they know they might be growing pubic hair, but they are still children, and must respect their elders. As a child we could not watch any movies with sex scene, not even kissing, and public television had more fighting omitted romantic scenes. Though we mute sexuality, being limited to its exposure, in my opinion, helped to maintain a safer and slight sexual environment, because we were less exposed to sex and more exposed to dancing dirty and okay art.Overall, the media can be good and it can be bad. It is for the parents and adults of today, to help censor some of the things thats in the media as we deem fit for our youths and their households. At the remnant of the day, each home differs and people may react differently to the same type of exposure. I am more for less sexuality in the media, because the less a child knows about a certain thing, the less they will explore it. Eventually they will know it, but it will happen all over time.

Ignorance Is Happiness

Ignorance is happiness Think ab let out communication now, how do muckle talk to each other? Think about entertainment, how do batch have childs play? Or how about knowledge, how do people sh atomic number 18 information? How do people find out about history? People today use cell phones, the Internet, and the television. But until about a century ago, no one had any of that. No one had Phones or flat screen TVs. No one had Facebook or Twitter accounts. So how did people back then live and work? The react is with writing, with books. People still choose today, but what if people lost all(prenominal) interest in books?What if people looseed on books? Would mass book burnings start? Would books be outlawed and become illegal? What would fiat be the likes of then? This is exactly what tool Bradburys novel is about. In this book, the author describes a society where books have been banned by the government, and because of that, ignorant is all that the people there are. In act inotherapy Bradburys novel, Fahrenheit 451, he utilizes the setting, conflict, and point of view to enhance this theme. In belles-lettres, the setting is the period and prescribe a story takes place.Ray Bradbury used the futuristic setting to show what a world where television and sea shell radios are the most important things in a persons life would be like. Hes created a society somemagazine after 1990, in a place called elmwood City. It is a place where every one is equally ignorant, where the government tries to brainwash everyone to not question anything. Beatty quoted, The central office environment can undo a lot you try to do at school. Thats why weve lowered the kindergarten age year after year until now were almost snatching them from the cradle (Bradbury 60).In roll to give away sure people grow up the way they want, the government has made sure children are taught from a very young age what they should believe in. Kids like Clarisse McClellan are thought of as ou tcasts because she questions everything approximately her. The citizens then do not like to call up independently either. Faber said, Off-hours, yes. But time to think rushes you on so quickly to its own conclusions your mind hasnt time to protest, what nonsense (Bradbury 84). The quotes, patience, Montag. Let the war turn off the families. Our civilization is flinging itself to pieces. Stand back from the centrifuge (Bradbury 87), and, In again out again Finnegan (Bradbury 94), shows that people who they should do about are not important. Husbands are off at war, and their wives do not care at all. The setting contributes a lot to the theme, without the futuristic setting, the impact would not have been as great. line drawing also plays a part in the story. Characterization is when the writer reveals the personality of or describes a character.This helps by letting the representers gain more understanding of the people of that time. Mrs. Phelps stated, He (her husband) said , if I get killed off, you just go right ahead and dont cry, but get married again, and dont think of me (Bradbury 95). This quote shows that relationships are not significant anymore people do not take the time to keep healthy relationships and communicate. Mildred quoted, Its only two thousand dollars. And I think you should consider me sometimes. (Bradbury 20).Even though Guy Montag said that in order to have the fourth wall put in, hed have to pay a third of his yearly pay, Mildred does not seem to care. All she wants is her entertainment. Not all people then are like Mildred and Mrs. Phelps though, there are people like Clarisse McClellan. She said, I rarely watch the parlor walls or go to races or Fun Parks. So Ive lots of time for crazy thoughts, I guess (Bradbury 9). Clarisse does not spend her time driving around at certifiable speeds running over pedestrians. She likes to take walks, enjoy nature.She likes to taste the rain and smell the flowers. But because of this she was thought of as weird and crazy. There is definitely something wrong with a society like that if someone like Clarisse became an outcast. The locomote thing that Ray Bradbury in cooperated into his novel was the conflicts. Conflicts are struggles between two forces. There were both extraneous and internal conflicts in the story. One conflict is and internal conflict when Montag burned the woman, and starts to see that everything he had been doing his upstanding life was wrong, and starts wondering what books have to say. There must be something in books, things we cant imagine, to make a woman stay in a burning house there must be something there. You dont stay for nothing (Bradbury 51). Another conflict is between him and Mildred. Books are not people. You read and I look all around, but there isnt anybody (Bradbury 73). This shows how ignorant and shallow people like Mildred can be. She spends all day watching the television, completely immersed with her parlor families. The last conflict is between Montag and Beatty, or the society he lives in. Beatty said, serenity, Montag.Peace, Montag. Take your fight outside. Better yet, into the incineratorburn all burn everything. Fire is bright and fire is clean (Bradbury 59-60). Beatty said that he too, was once curious about books, so he read them, laws or no laws. But he did not want to think about the meanings behind the manner of speaking in books, and he turned against them. Beatty does not burn books because he is told to, but he actually believes in burning books. He believes that books cause confusion, contradictions, and disorder. But the one thing that he does not realize is that, that is what literature is for.There are many important messages that Fahrenheit 451 portrays. In order to help us understand them, Ray Bradburys novel, Fahrenheit 451 uses the setting, characterization, and conflict to help underline these themes. The setting that was created was a futuristic society. This helped the re aders imagine what a world without books or knowledge would be like. The characterization of the people showed that everyone was happy without knowledge, and the people who were not were outcasts. at long last the conflicts between the characters demonstrate the ignorance of the people.

Nostalgia in “Where I Come from”

Where I Come From is a poem in which Elizabeth Brewster expresses her nostalgic emotions and hunger for the tranquility and yearning for the temperament of her hometown. The vivid imagery, which stimulates the readers backbones plays an important role in intensifying the vehemence of her emotions. Brewster also expresses her nostalgia in a way that makes readers empathic with her hefty yearning. The lack of rhyming scheme in this piece conveys a sense of erraticness and uniqueness. People are make of places, she says, which I believe specifically meaner that people re made of places that they go away to, that people do not carry with them hints of manmade cities and skyscrapers because they do not belong there, but they belong in the Jungles and mountains as mankind itself is a piece of nature. Furthermore, Brewster uses people as a metaphor for herself, frankincense being the reason for her intense yearning. Smell of smog in the fourth line radiates a strong imagery of the blu rry matter, blinding people from the pathway of their goals.Therefore, the phrase represents Brewster melancholy and strong sense of uncertainty. Her definition of the scent f spring as the almost-not-smell of tulips conveys a sense of disappointment as not flush a single whole thing of nature remains in the synthetic world of the redbrick age. Brewster then mentions the scent of museums, the scent of old, once-functional items that are kept only for the sake of history. This serves as a median(a) to further convey her nostalgia.She then mentions the scent of work, glue factories, chromium-plated offices, and subways. Her choice of mentioning only the dullest and most mundane scents of the present-day(a) realm depicts her dissatisfaction tit it, in comparison to what her old settlement had to offer. Burned-out, old, and battered, she describes her hometown, that she still yearns for it. From this, it is concluded that it is not the quality of the items she seeks, but the tranq uility and beauty.Brewster included the very fragrant and soothe scent of pine woods and blueberry, further strengthening the former point. With yards where hens and chickens circle about, she says. The image of the jaunty animals provides an aura of mirthful glee, which is precisely what she experiences while being in the less hectic environment. She also verbalise that the hens and chickens are clucking aimlessly, depicting a sense of insouciance. Therefore, her wistfulness is caused by her longing for the blithe and airy nature of her hometown. Spring and winter are the minds chief seasons in this line, Brewster has started to tolerate with the circumstance she is place in in that present and that the benefit in simply yearning is nonexistent. Ice and the breaking of ice symbolisms her adamantly of belong in a place of nature, as it starts to fade, thus exposing herself Brewster then allows the door to her memories to blow open and let the frosty mind that is her haunting memo ries to be blown and fade away.Her description of her memories as frosty depicts her realization and awareness of how her nostalgia has turned her into an aloof person whose gaze illustrates none but melancholy. In conclusion, this poem is the yarn of Elizabeth Brewster momentary misery and despair due to her nostalgia, which she overcomes as she realizes that the past is not all there is, which is the fickle element of the poem. Therefore, this poem is not a mere chronicle, but Brewster message of counsel too.

Marxism in the Grapes of Wrath

In The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck, Steinbeck uses Marxist ideals to biz the long struggle experienced by the Joad family. The Joads experiences prove that the Bourgeoise misdirect their power in order to restrainer the Proletariats, alienating and exploiting their class to prevent revolution by forcing them to work for barely enough coin. Families who had lived and worked on their res publica their whole lives became workless as the bank repossessed homes to sustain profit. The bank had become a monster led by the Bourgeoise to exploit the families for their houses and jobs, leaving them with almost nothing.People were often forced to work with this monster in order to dedicate their own families, it was known for making people do what it wants (Steinbeck 34), despite who would be hurt in the process. This was a tool used to prevent the Proletariats from forming a union, because the bank isnt like a man (Steinbeck 33) and thither was no person to punish for doing them wr ong. Pushed off of their land, the families moved west where they were promised work and an easier life in heel counter for having to give up their homes.The Bourgeoises promises fell short as more and more families migrated west, minimizing the number of jobs and money available. Their pay was repeatedly cut, reducing it to too little to feed their families. Outside of working, the workers were kept from each different in order to prevent unity, the first step to a rebellion. This need to control stemmed from the Bourgeoises extreme greed to keep their power and their money by taking away anybody elses. A divided nation is easier to control then one united. To avoid the consequences of unity, the police would make them fear, hate, suspect each other(a) (Steinbeck 151).This growth of alienation among the lower class was the Bourgeoises tool of exploitation to avoid rebellion against those of higher(prenominal) social status. The laws in the area were bias and only in place to be nefit the Bourgeoise. If such a place of social equanimity existed, the local police forces tried to find ways to sabotage and abuse the area to break the forming union. Even when migrating from place to place, members of the Proletariat were unable to escape the greedy control of the Bourgeoise. They mistreated their powers of endless wealth and legal freedom to maintain their high status at the expense of those who busy the poorer classes.

Business Studeis Market Analysis

Business Studies- Market outline Homework Thorough market analytic thinking is inwrought for a companion like Samsung in indian lodge to achieve its market objectives. Discuss (18marks) Market abbreviation The process of gathering, analyzing and interpreting information about a market, about a product or service to be offered for sale in that market, and about the retiring(a) present and potential customers for the product or service look into into the characteristics, spending habits, location and involves of your businesss localise market, the industry as a whole, and the particular competitors the business may face.One reason why market outline is essential for a company like Samsung to achieve its marketing objectives, is that market analysis acts as a sales booster, as it shows direct relations with consumers therefrom knowing their demands, by Samsung knowing what the customers want and need they are able to optimise their profit, which may be a marketing objec tive, if quality market analysis were to be taken out by Samsung then specific products could be put on the market, much(prenominal) as their new Smart Tvs or their Galaxy S3 smartphone, from these products it is clear Samsung take colossal care in their customers needs via creating slightly niche products, helping them to shed light on the hawkish advantage over rival companies such as pioneer, LG, or Apple in the telecommunications industry.In doing so Samsung would build a customer base, and if sales were to increase more intensive research could be carried out as to ascertain more ideas from customers for future products. Furthermore it is essential that Samsung meet their customers demands, this is so that the company can become more efficient, by doing so, waste can be eradicated and inadequacy in any flake. Therefore cost can be lowered within Samsung, increasing the amount of profit that can be made, with the obliteration of waste this also lowers marketing costs, as the amount of products needed to be marketed is lowered. Here it is therefore sheer market analysis is essential as this allows Samsung to save currency, optimising their profit margins.The success of the company in the sheath of meeting customer needs and becoming more efficient, relies mainly on that of market analysis which contributes to objectives in these areas being met. In addition, on the other hand market analysis is not always essential when achieving market objectives, this is clear as, in the case of Samsung their market and competitors are rapidly changing frequently, so therefore market analysis would be pointless and time would be wasted, time = money, thus implication money would be lost on research which wouldnt be useful in the colossal terminal for Samsung but merely the short term. This would therefore make it hard for Samsung to achieve its objectives.Samsungs market is unendingly changing and the demand for new products is constant. Not only is the mark et rapidly changing but competitors also as stated, for example Samsungs competitors mimic and undercut Samsungs promotional offers and match their prices, thus meaning market analysis would not be the best option for them in achieving objectives, this would not allow Samsung to gain the best possible war-ridden advantage over competitors, but simply aid competitors in gaining the competitive advantage over themselves, the best way for Samsung to complete a market objective associated with profit would be to copy the actions of competitors and also use penetrative pricing to undercut them.Another reason why market analysis may not necessarily be the most effective way in achieving marketing objectives is that when retrieving research the retrieval of secondary research proves to be costly, although cheap it is often useless, and out of date, and in the case of Samsungs rapidly changing market then the use of secondary data would certainly not be an option for consideration, this t herefore results in Samsung basing their research solely on Primary research via that of customer feedback or questionnaires, which is the most costly of the two, however proves most effective when put into action and contributing to marketing objectives. In conclusion, in the short term I believe it is best for Samsung to use market analysis to its sufficient potential to gain the competitive advantage needed, although costly it may pay off in the long run, however in the long run I believe that it will become costly though, as market research would need to be carried out on frequent occasions in this case of Samsung and therefore would prove too costly for the company, and this money spent could be used elsewhere mayhap on the production of more products.

Mutual Fund in India

crucify of Science in Management Specialization in Banking & pay seek Methodology & Decision synopsis for Business (RMDAB) Assignment 2 literary works livevas TOPIC MUTUAL INVESTMENT FUNDS IN INDIA Student Name Sangawar Pratik Shankar Batch MFBD51217A FIN G1190040U Table of Contents 1. BackgroundPg. 3 2. Literature Review on joint enthronisation coin. Pg. 7 3. ConclusionPg. 21 4. ReferencesPg. 23 Background a)Introduction The quaternion Basic Comp singlents on which Indian pecuniary system is establish on be fiscal Market, Financial Institutions, Financial swear out and Financial Instrument. One of the most strategic components of Financial Instrument is joint Investment storehouse ( reciprocal descent). (Jaspal Singh, 2004) (Mason Dave, 1999) A correlative investing familiarity is a pool of money contributed by numerous investors, the gravid ga at that rigid is invested to obtain a hefty portfolio of securities on that point ar essentially three catego ries of vulgar silver i. e.Money Market, Fixed Income and Stocks within severally folk there ar variety of descents. (Mason Dave, 1999) An investiture comp all is a body with trained portfolio theater directors as coronation experts, they pool up the investors small jackets or lines for the agreement of bankroll in securities. The most fountainhead-known form of Investment giving medication is the open-end management association. The Other character of investiture stemmas are closed-end memorys, exchange-traded enthronisation orders, business development organizations and unit investment trusts. (Jaspal Singh, 2004)The all above mentioned are civil stores the reason for that is, their donation are mankindly issued to investors and thus the capital and their shares are requirement to be registered with the Security Exchange Board of India (SEBI). Investment organisation/association that are secretly affectionate and issue their shares to investors/buyers are called private or hedge storehouses. The shared or investment entrepots diligence was started in early 1960s with the configuration of Unit Trust of India, as an inventiveness of the Government of India and reliever Bank of India. Jaspal Singh, 2004) coarse fund is verbalise to be investment as subject to food grocery store risk. As the capital is invested in the variant market to earn profits in terms of dividends, bonus shares of company, trading-buying and interchange on spicyer prices. A frequent investor may not have adequate intimacy of the share market and the technical terms of the investment as how to create a good capital portfolio, which helps an investor to scat safe in the market.Now this situation of lack of investment intimacy creates an demand for rough-cut investment fund in unwashed investment pecuniary resource many small investor come together with their minor investment capital or property and deposit it to a vulgar fund investment com pany, organization or bank which acts as there agents or posterior be said as representatives in the bank line market and for that emolument they defecate flush whenever the trading or buying or sell of shares is done, the commission may vary as per the investment companies. Amporn Soongswang, 2011) rough-cut fund is the pool of invested money it based on the investment company which invests the savings of an amount of investors here the investors share a common financial objective, it in the ways of capital appreciation and earning incomes in the form of dividends. The funds are collected from the investors by the investment company and invested into capital markets instruments such as shares, debentures and overseas market. Investors invest money and get the units as per the sort out Asset Value (NAV).NAV is the current value of the money in the financial market or it croupe be explained as the present value of the fund in the financial market. (Bello, 2009) As mentioned that unwashed fund is the appropriate investment mode for the common man or the ordinary investor as it offers an investment probability to invest in diversified portfolio management, high-quality research panel, proficiently manage Indian standard as well as the foreign market, the most important objective of the fund manager is to give the investor the safest investment and a balanced capital portfolio to play safe with maximal surpasss with good capital appreciation.The fund manager should too look after the trading of the armory i. e. buying and selling of live root or shares and by this the fund manager should generate revenue for the investor and should be able to give true(p) comes to the investors. (Dave, 1992) This helps the investment company to follow up their promise of profit generation and maximization finished mutual funds and it croup be done through good diversification of capital portfolio. (Patzelt, 2009) (b)Brief History of shared Investment FundMu tual Investment as per the dates support was started in 19th century it was introduced in Europe, in exacting, Great Britain. Robert Fleming was the person to set up the premiere investment trust called overseas and colonial investment trust as per the records it was in 1868. The Foreign and colonial investment trust and an opposite(prenominal) investment which had their located in Britain and the U. S. , are known as close-ended mutual funds today. Massachusetts investors trust was the first trust in the U. S. , it was established in March 1924 it was an open-ended mutual fund. Ramola, 1992) Innovation in the products and services of financial market improved the popularity of mutual investment funds in 1950s and 1960s. The first global stock mutual investment fund was introduced in the U. S in yr 1940. This financial market or can called as pay intentness witnessed substantial growth in the 1980s and 1990s. In present the mutual funds are major source of safe investment and it is a really successful product of financial market. (Ramola, 1992) Literature ReviewTHE EMERGENCE OF mutual funds was the outcome of the requirement to assemble small savings of domestic celestial sphere and to channelize it for productive measures through stock market or can be said as financial market. In the early stage of industrial revolution which was in early 1970s in India, the deposits with the banks and opposite financial institution lost their importance with the growth of capital market and the declining interest rates. The sore investors or small investor demonstrating their risk adverse reputation shifted from little rollback bank deposits and low fluidic investment like LIC, Provident Fund and Pension Funds etc. owards fluidic, momentary investments like units, shares, and debentures. (Bhapkar, 2007) However, an boilerplate or common investor is scared of fundamental market and hence cannot channel determination or can be said as no path to walk on or no wa y can be seen, the condition was not at all decision making for investment, for small or average investor as, in which security to get hold of the investment and when to progress to investment. This as a conclusion led to the advancement of mutual funds/bond funds in Indian financial industries.As mentioned above that in early 1970s it was an start of industrial revolution in India and in that period of cartridge clip there was high industries scenery up in India and it created a high requirement of funds, so as the reaction of this action was public issue of for gathering of capital, but the amount which was collected was in bulk or we can unalikeiate that investment which was asked by the companies or industries was a huge amount in this situation the small investors was not able to invest and enjoy the ownership and were also not having the knowledge of investment, so as to strike this problem the mutual funds came into introduction, and the financial institution such as b ank, mutual fund investment companies came to represent the investors in the market and help them invest into correct or good company. (Furfine, 2001) here(predicate) in Mutual Fund Company the funds were gathered from small investors and pool up capital and make a huge or bulk of capital and in exchange they were given NAV Definition of internet Asset Value NAV A mutual funds price per share or exchange-traded funds (ETF) per-share value. In one and the other cases, the per-share dollar amount of the capital is determined by segmented the total value of all the securities in its portfolio, less any liabilities/amenabilities, by the number of fund shares outstanding . (Iqbal Mansur, 2010) Mutual funds units are investment vehicles that help new investors to take a ong ride through capital market, which is not possible distributively with small amount of investment. It provides a means of involvement in the financial market for investors who dont have the time or perhaps the expe rtise to take direct investment decisions in equities successfully. (Dr. Rajesh Bahunguna, 2010) The canonical need and objectives of the fund assembled by mutual funds in India has been on the exaggerated since their initiation in 1964 i. e. with introduction of US 64, the flagship organisation of UTI. A further it was in 1987 and 1989, when the investors. Distant, accumulating in measure with the objectives of distinct mercenary policy of 1991, mutual fund market was open to the clandestine welkins in the country i. e. India. (Dr.Rajesh Bahunguna, 2010) Since 1993 the opening year of clandestine sector mutual funds, the investment inclination deviated more in favour the private sector funds. The swelling collection of mutual funds crossed Rs. 120000 billion (SGD $ 2666. 66 billion) marks in India by November, 2002 with almost 59. 78% of the total investment going into private sector mutual investment funds. (Dr. Rajesh Bahunguna, 2010) The occurrence that the money so investe d comes out of the hard gain savings of the investors apparently bring home the want need of studying what the investors think about the mutual funds. It may also be mentioned here that less or small effort has been devoted or done by researchers in India to study the perceptions of investor towards mutual funds. Haugen, 1986) In the antecedent phase in India it was found that in popular less knowledgeable mutual fund investors were found to be lacked in knowledge and were not autonomous in making fund investment decision making. Rather, they are the easily lured and motivated lot to get their investment made in any recommended mutual fund. thus, to make this research meaningful, the focus is more on the educated and informed investors. Hence to invest in mutual funds the factor describes that investors preference for mutual fund investment because of the professional expertise of fund managers which can be said as the representatives on behalf of investors and in supply they co mmission as there fees. (F. A.Abeer, 2012) The risk exposure that has to be faced for directly investing in stock market obviates the need for professionally expert managers for managing investment in stock market. We can take one more explanation to get some more knowledge of mutual funds the first category of Contribution Company was the entity trust, which was a fixed pool of securities that, conflicting a mutual fund was not intensely managed. The first unit trust was bringing about in England in 1868. In contrast to the entity investment trusts, these funds were awful leveraged and formularised in market act and their amount collapse during the long stock market clash of 1929. Open end and closed funds that bought their capital managers the potential to exchange the concealed structure of securities. Iqbal Mansur, 2010) Mean while past years, closed-end investment organisation were another prevailing category of fund. A considerable aspect of this closed-end organisation was that they use leverage to play safe in the field. Closed-end organisation applied Leverage by allotting bonds and emergence shares in the financial market offering shares to the public. This helped to the company to arouse funds that were used to procure portfolio securities which were a rattling important part. The extensive aberration among a closed-end fund and an open-end fund is that the mainstay of an open-end fund stance equipped to heal shares while and are redeemable. Kirsch, 2011) As it becomes very flexible for superiors of mutual funds as they are redeemable and irredeemable it depends upon the investor that in which form they spirit safe and are willing to invest. Mutual Funds have such structure to endow with uttermost(a) benefits to the investors, and the authorised person in Investment Company which is the fund manager has research team to grasp the objectives of the scheme. Mutual Fund Investment Company has distinguishable units of sector funds the requi rement of these units to achieve the maximum market reward is proper planning for strategic investment. (William Fung, 2008) thither should be a planned and unmatched diversification for the capital portfolio as per the market condition and investors or Investment Companys vindication capacity.A planned portfolio helps to resist in the market as if the one part of the investment occurs loss the other stock or unit may bear it through generating profits and balance the situation, it is seen when the capital investment portfolio of the investor is very strong and well planned. For strong portfolio there should be professional Management here the fund manager should undergo throughout different research works and has adequate investment skills which promise high returns to the investor than what the investor can cope on his own. (Rainish Robert, 2002) Investment through mutual funds by a mutual fund investment company reduces risk factor, as the financial market is very dynamic in n ature and requires high and accurate quality of analysis to generate good amount of return which very worth for an investor after taking such risk.Investing in mutual fund through an investment company diversifies the portfolio of securities yet with little investment in a mutual fund. The risk is diverted in a diversified portfolio than investing in just in 2 or 3 securities. (Palmiter, 2009) There are low exercise expenses due to the economies of scale (repayment of larger volumes), because of that reason mutual funds pay lesser transaction costs and the paybacks are passed to the investors. Mutual funds units have a great advantage of runniness as in case an investor may not be capable to sell the shares hold by him effortlessly and swiftly, while units of mutual funds are more liquid to sell off and regain the invested capital as per the current value.Mutual funds are said to be investor oriented as it gives investors a wide undulate of investment schemes with different inves tment objectives. Investor has the choice of investing in a scheme which provides him the association between its investment aims and desired financial goals. As every investor wants to get higher return but with that they have right to know that where the capital is invested, so for such course of action mutual funds provides investors with the latest updated information pertaining to the markets and the investment schemes in the financial markets. All required material is divulge to the investor as per the requirement of the regulator. Shah, 2000) As mutual funds have liquidity, security, transparency, low transaction cost and fair returns, it makes it very flexible. Investor can also control their holdings from a debt scheme to equity scheme and vice-versa. There is alternate of organized investment and withdrawal at regular time intervals is also offered to investors in open-end schemes. As mutual fund industry is a regulatory, it has its rules and regulation it is an element of well synchronized investment environment in this environment the interests of the investors are confined by the supervisory body. All the transactions and funds are registered in up to date manner with SEBI and complete transparency is unplowed. (Dr.Rajesh Bahunguna, 2010) In spite of ample amount of irresponsible terms there are some disadvantages of mutual funds such as the fund manager may always not be able to manage to generate profits he mogul create loss as the whole control is in hand of the fund manager as the capital is of the investor but there is no control of the investor on his own capital. The fund has its own dodge for investment to sell, to hold, to buy time period. The cost control is not in hand of the investor, investors are relevant to pay the investment management fees and also the fund allocation costs as a resemblance of the capital value of his investment as long as the investor holds the funds or units it is irrespective of the performance of the fun d in the financial market.The capital portfolio is decided by the fund manager and also the decision of the investment of securities is in hands of the fund manager here investor has no right to get in the way on the decision making procedure of the investment by the fund manager, which some of the investors escort as disadvantage in achieving their financial objectives. (Furfine, 2001) As mutual fund offers a range of investment schemes, so the investors finds it difficult to select the one in which he invests his capital it because the investor is lacking in that knowledge that is the reason he is investing his money through mutual funds but still the investor has to take decision to choose the scheme for this, they may have to take advice of the financial planners in order to make safe investment and invest in the right fund to gain profits through the invested funds which the major objective of the investors and let their money bloom. (Cornaggia, 2009)It is mentioned by many au thors that investment funds are one of the important institutions for investing capital in to the financial market which is along with many risks for various investors particularly the new and inexperienced ones which are lacking in the market conditions knowledge or we can advance investment knowledge. Mutual investment companies act as financial intermediaries for non-professional investors they also respond to the requirement of the investors by making different types of capital portfolios with different configurations of securities. Since the market conditions are very dynamic in nature as mentioned earlier, investors are lacking in experience or almost new to the financial industry and they do not have knowledge of the markets professional literature and culture of the stock. (F. A. Abeer, 2012)The financial market in very wide in nature of investment and has an insufficient financial tools for investment and further support of small investor rights in neither regular nor eff icient, and investing directly in capital market without any professionals advice is rather very risky to invest until and unless the investor is an professional himself or has an adequate knowledge of financial industry and other important financial tool thus forecasting and establishing financial intermediary associations such as mutual fund investment companies is important and should be done by the financial market custodians. (F. A. Abeer, 2012) There are some main characteristics of mutual funds which have to be kept in mind while investing and which are very useful for an investor even if the investor is investing through an investment company such as, the mutual investment funds are purchased or the capital is invested through fund or broker of the fund so in this case the investor cannot sell it in the indirect market to other buyers or investors.The price of mutual fund each unit is decided correspond to the net value of the asset of investment unit and additional of w ages that are occurred at the time of purchase. The investment unit can return to the fund or the broker as the units are redeemable. The return price of the each unit is as per the current net value asset with deduction of the transaction fees. The buying and selling of units is and continues process and continue constantly. There are different types of mutual funds it is based on the different investment objectives along with the various amount of risk involved, investment expenses and the fluctuations of the unit fund. Garmhausen, 2012) There are some types of funds such as close end fund some features of these funds are the investment companies having fixed capital and in spite of being redeeming stocks makes its trading in unessential market for investors and hence can traded in secondary market, here the investors are able to purchase the funds directly and solely. Units or stocks of closed end funds are not uncommitted in stock or financial market for selling perpetually t hese funds is just issued at their stocks in Initial Public Offering (IPO) for selling and investors willing to invest in funds can buy or invest their capital at the time of IPO or issue made the company and then those shares can easily trade in the secondary stock markets, here the stock can be traded. (Glassman, 2004) After the issue or the IPO and the stock price designated in the market harmonise to the markets conditions and crop, because of this sign of action it can be lower or higher that the NAV of each unit or share.Basically closed end funds are divided based on their approaches, risks, return patterns, investment objectives and portfolios are separated to different types and as according to that they have various levels of risk, volatility and fees variances. There is another category of funds which is said to be Index funds it is part of investment fund the most important feature of the major power fund is the low cost, low tax and fees as compared to the other fund s which are active in the financial market. The portfolio for the index funds is fixed, so they have lesser flexibleness as compare to other funds. (Glassman, 2004) The major objective of the fund is to reach the return of the selected index such as matter Stock Exchange (NSE) Index.There are some very important stock exchanges in India such as follows Bombay stock exchange, Ahmedabad share and stock brokers association, Calcutta stock exchange association Ltd, Delhi stock exchange association Ltd, Madras stock exchange association Ltd, Indore stock brokers association Ltd, Bangalore stock exchange, Hyderabad stock exchange, cochin china stock exchange, Pune stock exchange, Uttar Pradesh stock exchange, Ludhiana stock exchange, Jaipur stock exchange Ltd, Gauhati stock exchange Ltd, Mangalore stock exchange, Maghad stock exchange Ltd, Patna, Bhuvaneshwar stock exchange association Ltd, Over the counter exchange of India, Bombay, Saurastra kuth stock exchange Ltd, Vsdodard stock exch ange Ltd, Coimbatore stock exchange Ltd, The Meerut stock exchange, National stock exchange, Integrated stock exchange. (Dr. Rajesh Bahunguna, 2010) The mentioned are the stock exchanges of India but are driven by the major stock exchanges which are Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) and National StockExchange (NSE) these are the major index setters in the market are the regulatory which governed them id the Security Exchange dining table of India (SEBI). Exchange Traded Fund is a type of fund which is also called as ETF ETF shares are not exchange directly to the individual investors the ETF shares are mostly issued in the stock exchange in big blocks which been called creating and take units, and then the offers are given to the institutional investors. The sales of ETF are in non cash way for issuing and creating units to institutional investors and investors bring in their portfolio instead of cash and their portfolio is mostly same as the fund portfolio.After the purchase of the la rge blocks of ETF units the institutional investors divide the large stock into smaller parts or units and then it is put up to trade in the secondary market and is offered to the individual investors. (Dr. Rajesh Bahunguna, 2010) Then after the trading in secondary market, individual investors have two ways to trade the ETFs shares or funds which are selling the stock to the other willing investors or returning them to the institution. Returning shares is only possible at the fundament stage, issuing units scale and in non-cash ways. In laymans words, instead of cash money, investors are deal with existing securities at the portfolio of the funds. (Dr.Rajesh Bahunguna, 2010) The two main features of Mutual Investment Fund are said to be management and high liquidity -Outside management As the nature of mutual investment fund is different from joint stock companys shares in one major issue, i. e. they are not managed by the inside management of the company. The important part of the Administrative and Operations of the mutual investment funds are done by the service providers from outside of the fund. There are some important fund operations and duties such as portfolio management, distribution of investment units, marketing and other activities which are directly affecting the service provider company it uses existent specialty associations facilities and abilities in the field of finance industry. The administrative and public expenses can be saved by outsourcing of main activities and small organizational core work. Klinger, 1992) -Variable capital and high liquidity There is no fixed/closed capital for mutual investment fund and the difference in their capital is seen at the time of issue and redeeming investment units, while there are no limitations for buying and redeeming as they are continuous in nature and investors can always buy and sell the mutual fund investment units and can be freely traded. Here the investors holding the fund unit can redeem the entire or part of their investment holdings and can change it to liquid cash on the basis of the Net Asset Value (NAV) of the funds. (Klinger, 1992) Daily price of investment units There is daily pricing of the fund units as mentioned early that it depends upon the NAV of the fund.The daily NAV is the sum of the market value of the portfolio minus funds debt and divided by the total amount of units have purchased by the investor. passe-partout Management Involvement of professional investment consultant gives a feature of Professional Management the consultant has done with comprehensive research and having abundant information of the market situation and conditions. This feature is very important for any service provider as the investors may not have adequate knowledge of the investment planning and making a strong capital portfolio and this feature also helps investors to get familiar with the tool of Stock Exchange system. Klinger, 1992) Diversification of securities a nd risk management As investing in different securities and assets reduces the influence of reduction of value of the investment, the mutual funds manage the risk factor by diversifying configuration of different companies in different industries securities and use an expert or professional for maintenance of capital portfolio. (Klinger, 1992) Mutual Funds Classification Mutual funds have been divided into three main groups which are as follows- I. Mutual funds that invest in companies stock II. Mutual funds that invest in securities with fixed income III. Mutual funds that invest in the money market All types of Mutual funds have been placed in one of the three above-mentioned groups. Mutual Investment Funds have wide range of investment objectives and it can be classified from conservative to aggressive and offer wide range of options and flexibility of investment of the funds to investor. (Dr. Rajesh Bahunguna, 2010) ConclusionThe study focuses on mutual funds risks and advantage s, the findings may not be appropriate for an investor to understand the condition but with the above research we can get a word-painting of mutual fund and the risks allotted with it. The outputs of the research will let the investors understand mutual funds and market better. With the help of the information a new investor can get a basic idea or can understand the concept of mutual fund, the above research also helps in exploring the risk factors of mutual funds. It also mentions the advantages of mutual funds which help investors to make good decision for investing their hard earned money and with they can play safe in the market and gain good profits.As the research of mutual fund is an continues process because the market condition are very dynamic in nature and continuously changing are they directly affect the funds as it gives an direct impact on the funds the market conditions are need to be watched or observed very closely by the experts and investors as well. Market sit uation needs to be observing very closely to play safe in the market and help the investors to grow their funds and earn a fair income. India is a developing thriftiness with many acclivitous industries and companies the current situation in India today is that a common investor in general is found to be confused regarding his or her selection of investment in mutual investment funds it may be due to dynamic economy or various scheme that are available in the market, so the selection process becomes very important for investors that in which fund to invest in?The above study was trying to resolve the problem of investment decision with giving a draft introduction to the nature and characteristics of mutual investment funds and the finance industry. (Words-4,698) Bibliography/References Amporn Soongswang, Y. S. , 2011. Equity Mutual Fund Performances, diligence and Fund Rankings. Journal of Knowledge Management, 1(6), pp. 11-76. Bello, Z. Y. , 2009. On The Predictability Of Mutual Fund Returns. Journal Of Business & sparing Stidies, 15(1), pp. 70-89. 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