Twenty-first Centry Images of Nurses and Nursing Essay

Twenty-first Centry Images of Nurses and Nursing - Essay ExampleEffective leaders in the nurse professional also ensure that the nursing education and practices are quality and safe. Effective nursing leadership advocates for an innovative, collaborative, and evidence-based working environment, which assists the nurses in the profession to surr dyinger value and respect in their position. The nursing profession has evolved everyplace the years, from the initial description of altering the environment to ensure that the patient is in the best experimental condition possible for nature to act upon them. This was the initial description of nursing by Florence Nightingale in the mid 1800s. However, the world has had broad and milestone advances in engineering science and scientific facts over the past decades, thus the roles of nurses have evolved to those of promoting health, assisting patients to cope with their illnesses, and preventing diseases. The roles of a nurse including mee ting some of the needs of a patient that cannot be met by any other member of the society (Summers and Jacobs, 2009). Currently, the nursing career is a helping profession, providing assistance services to the well being and health care of patients. Nonetheless, the nursing profession is expected to evolve even more as we venture into the second decade of the twenty-first century. The nursing stereotypes has also changed with the development of the nursing profession, evolving from a domestic art, a religious calling, a skilled discipline, a pool of expert managers, a pool of expert clinicians to today. The media representation of the nursing professional influences the societal view of nurses and nursing in general, portraying them as toxic to innocuous. Among the representations include the ministering angels taking care of wounded soldiers, the dumb nurses happy to be on the receiving end of patients coughs, the saucy nurses wearing their usual abbreviated skirts, pneumatic breas ts and frilly hats, and the battleaxe, the queen of patient torture in ward routines. However, experienced and qualified nurses have sum forth to present the real images of nursing and the profession, arguing that the media portrays the professionals as background fillers rather than highly skilled, university educated, and autonomous health care specialists responsible for the life and remainder of patients. These nurses oppose the commonly held notion that technology can replace nursing, presenting facts that back their stand. According to them, a device hooked up to a patient cannot learn some of the subtle changes that may be life threatening to the patient like demeanor, color, state of mind, or their speech (Summers and Jacobs, 2009). The image of nurses and nursing is improving over time, with more regards and appreciation over the importance of the profession. The education and practicing standards of nurses have improved immensely in the twenty-first century, with the cu rriculum incorporating high-level skills and techniques on health care. In todays society, nursing is considered as an autonomous and professional, complete with its own theories and methodology. 2. Describe three historical views that influence or have influenced the definition of coetaneous nursing as a science, an art, and a practice? Many nurse researchers consider the contemporary nursing profession as a basic science. This is a result of the various nursing theories put forth. Contemporary nursing principles organize the nursing theories in a hierarchical order,

Ultrasound Machines India China And A Skewed Essay Example for Free

Ultrasound Machines India China And A Skewed EssayGeneral Electric Co. and other companies have change so many ultrasound machines in India that tests are now available in small towns like Indergarh, where there is no drinking water, electricity is infrequent, and roadstead turn to mud after a March rain shower. A scan typically costs $8, or a weeks wages.GE has waded into Indias market as the country grappleswith a difficult social issue the abortion of female fetuses by families who want boys. Campaigners against the practice and almost regime officials are linking the countrys widely reported skewed call down ratio with the spread of ultrasound machines. Thats putting GE, the market leader in India, under the spotlight. It faces legal hurdles, government scrutiny, and thorny business problems in one of the worlds fastest-growing economies.Ultrasound is the main reason the evoke ratio is sexual climaxdown, says Kalpana Bhavre, who is in charge of women andchild welfare for the Datia district government, which let ins Indergarh. Having a daughter is very much viewed as incurring alifetime of debt for parents because of the dowry payment at marriage. Compared with that, the cost of an ultrasound is nothing, she says.For more than a decade, the Indian government has tried tostop ultrasound technology from being used as a pawn to determine gender. The devices use sound waves to produce images of fetuses or internal organs for a range of diagnostic purposes. India has passed laws forbidding doctors from disclosing the sex of fetuses, required official registrations of clinics, and stiffened punishments for offenders. Nevertheless, some estimate that hundreds of thousands of girl fetuses are aborted each year. GE, by far the largest seller of ultrasound machines in India through a joint venture with the Indian outsourcing monster Wipro Ltd., introduced its own safeguards, even though that means forsaking sales. We stress emphatically that the machin es arent to be used for sex determination, says V. Raja, chief executive of GE health care sulphur Asia. This is not theroot cause of female feticide in India. still the efforts have failed to stop the problem, as a growing economy has make the scans affordable to more people. The skewed sex ratio is an example of how Indias strong economy has, in unpredictable ways, exacerbated some nagging social problems, much(prenominal) as the traditional preference for boys. Some activists are accusing GE of not doing copious to prevent unlawful use of its machines to boost sales. There is a demand for a boy thats been completely exploited by multinationals, says Puneet Bedi, a New Delhi obstetrician. He says GE and others market the machines as an essential pregnancy tool, though the scans often arent necessary for mothers in lowrisk groups. Prosecutors in the city of Hyderabad brought a criminal case against the GE venture with Wipro, as well as Erbis Engineering Co., the medical-equipme nt distri simplyor in India for Japans Toshiba Corp. In the suits, the district government alleged that the companies knowingly supplied ultrasound machines to clinics that were not registered with the government and were irregularly performingIndia has been a critical market to GE. Its outsourcing operations have helped the Fairfield, Connecticut, giant cut costs. The country also is agrowing market for GEs lowering equipment and other products. The company wont disclose its ultrasound sales, but Wipro GEs overall sales in India, which includes ultrasounds and other diagnostic equipment, reached just astir(predicate) $250 million in 2006, up from $30 million in 1995.Annual ultrasound sales in India from all vendors also reached $77 million endure year, up about 10 percent from the year before, according to an estimate from consulting firm Frost Sullivan, which describes GE as the clear market leader. Other vendors include Siemens AG, Philips Electronics NV, and Mindray Intern ational Medical Ltd., a new Chinese entrant for Indias pricesensitive customers. India has long struggled with an inordinate number of malebirths, and female infanticidethe killing of newborn baby baby girlsremains a problem. The abortion of female fetuses is a more recent trend, but unless urgent action is taken, its poised to escalate as the use of ultrasound services expands, the United Nations Childrens Fund tell in a report. Indias alarming mitigate in the child sex ratio is likely to exacerbate child marriage, trafficking of women for prostitution, and other problems, the report said.The latest official Indian census, in 2001, showed a steep decline in the congress number of girls aged 0 to 6 years compared with the decade earlier 927 girls for every 1,000 boys compared with 945 in 1991. In much of northwest India, the number of girls has fallen below 900 for every 1,000 boys. In the northern state of Punjab, the figure is below 800.Only China today has a wider gender gap , with 832 girls born for every 1,000 boys among infants aged 0 to 4 years, according to UNICEF. GE sells about three times as many ultrasound machines in China as in India. In January, the Chinese government pledged to improve the gender balance, including tighter monitoring of ultrasounds. Some experts predict China will be more effective than India in enforcing its rules, given its triumph at other populationcontrol measures. Boys in India are viewed as wealth earners during life andlighters of ones funeral pyre at death. Indias National Family Health Survey, released in February, showed that 90 percent of parents with two sons didnt want any more children. Of those with two daughters, 38 percent wanted to try again. Although there are restrictions on abortions in this Hindu-majority nation, the rules offer enough leeway for most women to get around them.GE took the lead in selling ultrasounds in the early 1990s short after it began manufacturing the devices in India. It tapped Wipros extensive distribution and service network to deliver its products to about 80 percent of its customers. For more remote locations and lower-end machines, it used sales agents.The company also teamed with banks to help doctors financethe purchase of their machines. GE now sells about 15 diametric models, ranging from machines costing $ speed of light,000 that offer sophisticated color images to sanctioned black-and-white scanners that retail for about $7,500.To boost sales, GE has targeted small-town doctors. Thecompany has kept prices down by refurbishing old equipmentand marketing laptop machines to doctors who travel frequently, including to rural areas. GE also offered discounts to buyers inclined to boast about their new gadgets, according to a former GE employee. Strategically, we focused on those customers who had big mouths, said Manish Vora, who then interchange ultrasounds in the western Indian state of Gujarat for the Wipro-GE joint venture.Without discussing s pecific sales tactics, Raja, of GE Healthcare South Asia,acknowledges the company is aggressive in pursuing its goals. But he points out that ultrasound machines have broad benefits and make childbirth safer. As the machines become more available, women can avoid making long trips into cities where healthcare typically is more expensive, he says. Indian authorities have tried to regulate sales. In 1994, the government outlawed sex selection and empowered Indian authorities to search clinics and seize anything that aided sex selection. Today any clinic that has an ultrasound machine must register with the local government and provide an blasphemy that it will not conduct sex selection. To date, more than 30,000 ultrasound clinics have been registered in India.GE has taken a number of go to ensure customers honorwith the law. It has educated its sales force about the regulatory regime, demanded its own affidavits from customers that they will not use the machines for sex selection , and followed up with periodic audits, say executives. They note that in 2004, the first full year it began implementing these new measures, GEs sales in India shrank by about 10 percent from the year before. The sales decline in the low-end segment, for black-and-white ultrasound machines, was especially sharp, executives say. Only in 2006 did GE return to the sales level it had reached before the regulations were implemented, according to Raja.Complying with Indian law is often tricky. GE cannot tell if doctors sell machines to others who fail to register them. Different states interpret registration rules differently. GE also is under close scrutiny by activists battling the illegal abortion of female fetuses. Sabu George, a 48-year-old activist who holds degrees from Johns Hopkins and Cornell universities, criss-crosses the country to spot illegal clinics.The criminal case in Hyderabad against Wipro-GE, a companyrepresentative, three doctors, and an ultrasound technician follow ed an critical review that found one clinic could not produce proper registration and had not kept complete records for two years. A team of inspectors seized an ultrasound supplied by Wipro-GE. The revue teams report said it suspected the clinic was using the machines for illegal sex determination.The owner, Sarawathi Devi, acknowledged in an interviewthat her clinic, Rite Diagnostics, was not officially registered at the time of the inspection. She said the ultrasound machine was owned by a freelance radiologist who had obtained proper documentation for the Wipro-GE machine but was not there when the inspectors had arrived. She denied the clinic has conducted sex determination tests. Later, Dr. Devis records show, she registered the clinic with the government and bought a Wipro-GE machine, a sale the company confirms.The court case was part of a wider dragnet spearheadedby Hyderabads top civil servant, District Magistrate Arvind Kumar. During an audit last year, Kumar demanded p aperworkfor 389 local scan centers. Only 16 percent could furnish complete address information for its patients, making it almost impossible to track women to check if they had abortions following their scans. Kumar ordered the seizure of almost one-third of the ultrasound machines in the district due to registration and paperwork problems. A suit also was lodged against Erbis, the Toshiba dealer.GEs Raja says that, in general, if theres any doubt about the customers intent to stick with with Indias laws, it doesnt make the sale. There is no winking or blinking, he says.A Wipro-GE representative is scheduled to appear at theHyderabad court hearing. An Erbis spokesman said he was unaware of the case in Hyderabad. A court date for Erbis had not been set. A visit to the clinic in Indergarh, a town surrounded by fields of tawny wheat, shows the challenges GE faces keeping tabs on its machines. Inside the clinic, a dozen women wrapped in saris awaited tests on GEs Logiq 100 ultrasound m achine. The line snaked along wooden benches and down into a darkened basement. On the wall, scrawled in white paint, was the message We dont do sex selection.Manish Gupta, a 34-year-old doctor, said he drives two hours each way every week to Indergarh from much larger Jhansi City, where there are dozens of competing ultrasound clinics. He said even when offered bribes, he refuses to disclose the sex of the fetus. Im just against that, Dr. Gupta said.But he is not complying with Indian law. Although the law requires that clinics display their registration certificate in a conspicuous place, Dr. Guptas was nowhere to be seen. When Dr. George, the social activist, asked for the registration, he was shown a different document, an application. But the application was for a different clinic the Sakshi X-ray center. Dr. Gupta said the proper document wasnt with him, adding I must have forgotten it at home.Asked by The Wall Street Journal about the clinic, the local chief magistrate of Dat ia district called for Dr. Guptas dossier later in the day. When a local official arrived, Sakshi X-Ray center had been crossed out on the application. In blue pen was written the correct name, Sheetal Nagar, the part of Indergarh where the clinic is located.Its not clear how Dr. Gupta procured the GE machine. Dr.Gupta said he bought it from a GE company representative, but he declined to show documents of ownership. GE says it does not comment on individual customers.Like the rest of India, the Datia district government hastaken a number of steps to try to boost the number of girls in the district. For girls of poor families, the local government provides a place to live, free school uniforms, and books.When they enter ninth grade, the government buys bicycles for them. just the low ratio of girls born had not budged much over the past decade, according to Bhavre, the district government official.Ultimately, says Raja, head of GE Healthcare in South Asia, its the job of the govern ment, not companies, to change the prevailing preference for boys. Whats really needed is a change in mindsets. A lot of information has to happen and the government has to do it, he says.Indias Ministry of Health, which is now pursuing 422 different cases against doctors accused of using ultrasounds for sex selection, agrees. Mere legislation is not enough to deal with this problem, the ministry said in a statement. The situation could change only when the daughters are not treated as a burden and the sons as assets. to the highest degree recently, both Siemens and GE have introduced handheldultrasound machines, only slightly larger than an iPhone. Initially they will sell for under $10,000.

The Problem of the One and Many Essay Example for Free

The Problem of the 1 and Many EssayIntroduction In a quest to postulate into be, metaphysics is confronted by unrivalled fundamental question that is true(a)ity constituted by one world or are there many macrocosms? This question establishes the exchange hassle of metaphysics that is known as the problem of the one and many. Parmenides who first dealt with the nature of being and considered being as being as the source of conjunction of all reality, held that ultimately there equals a One Being. It follows that this being is changeless, indivisible and is the source of sameness insofar as it is one nothing differs from it. Hence, harmonise to Parmenides, the senses deceive us in reporting reality as many. This doctrine of seeing reality as one is called monism. On the other hand, empirists also harmonise a pluralistic view of reality when they reject the notion of being and favour the reality of observable or concrete beings existing positively. Many philosophers e ffort to give a philosophical solution to the aforementioned problem that takes into account both doctrines, monism and pluralism. St. Thomas doubting Thomas is credited with providing such a solution to the problem of the one and many.It is precisely the objective of this paper to discuss the one and many as a metaphysical problem vis-a-vis the solution proposed by Aquinas. To do this, we shall firstly present the nature of the problem in recounting to Parmenides earliest view of being. Further we shall expose the standpoint of Plato who earlier made strides in a bid to solve the problem. Lastly, we will discuss the solution suggested by Aquinas. Exposition of the problem and Parmenides view of being Common sense experience affirms that there are distinct beings existing in reality.Regardless of the differences subsisting among concrete beings, they are similar and related by one common denominator that is actual existence. Thus, beings are analogous by the fact that they exist a nd distinct scarcely on grounds that each being is insofar as it is not the other. From this observation we can empathize two underlying agents that lie beneath the notion of being. These are peculiarity and similarity. When we analyze and assert the elements separately we are able to discover that each element constructs a concept of its own pertaining the nature of being.For instance, the affirmation of distinction indoors being implies multiplicity of being or being as many. Equally, when we exonerated of similarity in being, the resultant concept affirms being as one insofar as nothing negates this sameness of being. Meanwhile, the simultaneous affirmation of the said elements demonstrates that, the tally total of being is both one and the many. The preceding observation poses a great challenge on how to reconcile the affirmation of distinction in being which imply plurality, on one hand, and similarity in the same being which signify oneness of being, on the other hand .The potential danger of affirming either one of the concepts results in a monistic or pluralistic conception of being. As noted earlier, Parmenides who negated diversity within being as this would imply that reality is a composition of distinct beings, fell prey to the former doctrine. Nonetheless, his contention that being cannot differ from being unless by non-being. And that, insofar as non-being is nothing, not real, it cannot differentiate being, frankincense reality cannot be many, exerts an enormous challenge on the task of philosophers to prove the reality of non-being so as to account for the multiplicity of being.Platos standpoint on the problem of the one and many Plato somehow agrees with Parmenides that in order to account for the multiplicity of being, being cannot differ from being by being because it is the same being in question. Rather only by non-being can it differ. In contrast with the aforesaid Parmenides argument, Plato argues that what is not in some sense a lso is. According to Plato non-being is real in the sense that it is an exclusion of other possible beings beyond a certain point. In other words, non-being is that which lacks in a given being, thus make it differ from the other.For instance, the exclusion or lack of rationality in a dog is something real as it differentiates it from a man. Thus, Plato identifies non-being with the dominion of limitation in being. This principle of limitation denotes an exclusion of no-more being or a confinement of this being within its nature so that it is distinct from the other. Thus far, we can then infer that the principle of limitation in being according to Plato allows each being to participate in existence in a certain manner as determined by its limitation in it.Consequently, the participation of each being in reality as determined by its principle of limit entails distinction and thus, indicates the plurality of beings. Apparently, we may deduce that Plato has given a preliminary solut ion to the problem however his solution remains basic and vague in relation to what really is meant by the principle of limit. ST. Thomas Aquinas solutions Aquinas begins by analysing the structural composition within the dimension of being. This inquiry into the inner nature of being is ignited by Aquinass contention that every real being compared to every other is both like other being in that it actually is and unlike it in that it is this being and not that one.The idea of likeness and unlikeness perceived in real beings correlates precisely with an assumption that within each being there exists a composition of two co- principles that accounts for the likeness and the unlikeness of beings. Aquinas identifies the co- principles as limitation and the act of to be or simply existence. According to Aquinas the principle of limitation is further linked to the principle of passive voltage that receives a certain degree of the perfections of existence as it permits. In other words, the principle of passive potentiality limits the received act of to be or existence.Thus, each real being has the potency within it to be this cast of being as determined by the principle of passive potentiality in it. Aquinas names the principle of limitation or passive potentiality as essence. He further calls the combination of essence and existence in finite beings as real metaphysical composition. Accordingly, he argues that the two principles in finite beings, essence and existence have to be distinct so as to denote their potentiality to be and that existence is not proper and natural to their nature.Contrary to this assertion however, the two principles in God are not distinct because God as Aquinas observes has no admixture of potency still is pure act. From the forgoing observation we are able according to Aquinas, to deduce that there are many existing beings in reality because in each being, actual existence, which in itself implies no limitation, is received into a distinct principle, essence, which limits the received act of existence. Hence, essence in this sense, becomes that which makes a being what it is and without which, it would not be that being.In a similar vein, the act of existence is a positive principle with unlimited perfections through which real beings as permitted by the essences receive perfections. Furthermore, Aquinas develops a very important principle pertaining the act of essence or passive potency to receive the act to be, in a being. The principle is called participation. He contends that each being participate in the perfections of existence, which in itself is unlimited that is, each being has a share or degree of perfections of existence to the extent the pass essence will permit. For instance, the existence and activities of a man are confined within mans nature or essence. Therefore, owing to the fact that there are inexhaustible number of potentialities for existence, the principle of passive potentiality as pa ssive potency results in a multitude of beings each distinct by the degree of no-more being as placed by its essence on the act of existing when each being participates in existence. Conclusion It is thus clear that Aquinas has given a true solution to the problem of the one and many.He has demonstrated and justified the harmony of the one and many as inseparably constituting being. However, in as much as the two principles are inseparable, they are also distinct so much so that neither of them can exist without the other. Thus, the union of the act of existing and the principle of passive potentiality or essence forms a composition in which the two principles are mutually the purpose of each other and of the whole being. Further, the solution of Aquinas highlighted the principle of participation of each being in the perfections of existence as determined by their essences. beingness possesses unlimited perfections that are received into distinct essences so that the same existence which implies no limitation in itself becomes a limited act upon being accommodated in a particular potentiality to be. We therefore conclude by acknowledging the comprehensive and substantial solution of St. Thomas Aquinas to the problem of the one and many as discussed in this paper. Bibliography CLARKE, N. W. , The One and Many a Contemporary Thomistic Metaphysics, University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, Indiana 2001. CONFORD, F. M. , trans.Plato and Parmenides Parmenides Way of Truth and Platos Parmenides, Bobbs- Merrill Company Inc. Indianapolis, N. Y. 1957. HART, C. A. , Thomistic Metaphysics An Inquiry into the Act of Existing, Prentice- Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, N. J. 1959. ST. THOMAS AQUINAS, Summa Contra Gentiles, trans. A. C. PEGIS, Doubleday and Company. Inc. , garden City, N. Y. 1955. Electronic Source PLATO, The Sophist, trans. L. B. VANGHAN, Available at http//www. schillerinstitute. org/transl/trans_pl_sophist. html Accessed 18th October 2011. 2 .F. M. CONF ORD, trans. Plato and Parmenides Parmenides Way of Truth and Platos Parmenides, Bobbs- Merrill Company Inc. , Indianapolis, N. Y. 1957, 29. 3 . A. C. HART, Thomistic Metaphysics An Inquiry into the Act of Existing, Prentice- Hall, Inc. , Englewood Cliffs, N. J. 1959, 80. 4 . W. N. CLARKE, The One and Many a Contemporary Thomistic Metaphysics, University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, Indiana 2001, 72. 5 . PLATO, The Sophist, trans. L. B. VANGHAN, Available at http//www. schillerinstitute. org/transl/trans pl_sophist. html Accessed 18th October 2011. 6 . A. C. HART, Thomistic Metaphysics, 80. 7 . A. C. HART, Thomistic Metaphysics, 81. 8 . W. N. CLARKE, The One and Many, 80. 9 . A. C. HART, Thomistic Metaphysics, 85- 86. 10 . A. C. HART, Thomistic Metaphysics, 86. 11 . W. N. CLARKE, The One and Many, 82. 12 . A. C. HART, Thomistic Metaphysics, 87. 13 . ST. THOMAS AQUINAS, Summa Contra Gentiles, trans. , A. C. PEGIS, Doubleday and Company. Inc. , Garden City, N. Y. 1955, Bk . 1, 1. 14 . A. C. HART, Thomistic Metaphysics, 86-87. 15 . A. C. HART, Thomistic Metaphysics, 86.

Monitoring System For Automatic Plant Irrigator

Monitoring System For Automatic Plant IrrigatorIrrigation is of the manner to watering the plant and to improve the quality of crops. Automatic irrigation is a modern method that try for for watering vegetables, fruits and farm crops. This stand out paper testament describe self-winding plant irrigator builded by using micro keep in lineler. The main purpose of this get wind is to design an reflex(a) watering device by comprehend the reason conditions. In addition, the project to a fault aims to design a acres moisture sensor that burn down be easily integrated with a microcontroller. To hand this objective, some research and studies has been done in some previous similar project. Based on the review, the methodology that use in this project are divide into twain, which is hardware and software parts. Both development are involving design, experimentation, simulation and look to get an expected leave alone which meets the project objective. Data analysis for this pr oject will proceed after the completion of the hardware and the software procedure. This is for the purpose to ensure the project can achieve the objective and akinwise to ensure the reliability of the arranging.C(iii)Detailed proposal of projectCadangan maklumat projek secara terperinci(a) IntroductionPengenalanWhen it comes to agricultural activities, irrigation in one of the vital process. Irrigation formation is an essential substantial element for plant branch. It also one of major effect in any plant cultivation as it may affect on the growth of plant. Irrigation in agriculture term is defined as an artificial application of watering of the arable land or soil.Water is most important to our deportment and we cannot survive without it. Water also is essential ingredient of plant. Most of gardener usually uses manual technique to watering their plant. This technique arrangement is inefficient. Sometime, the possibility to all over watering is high when use this techniqu e.In order to overcome this problem, Automatic plant irrigator is used. Automatic plant irrigator or rectify known as an automatic plant watering system is a system that is introduced not only provide a programmable watering system but also a sustained monitoring system. The main goal of this project is to design an automatic plant irrigator where the system is equipped with a reliable soil water level or moisture sensor. This system is applicable for small or medium agricultural-industry. This system will be divided into three main units which are sensing element, control element and final control element. sensing element such as soil moisture detector are use to control the watering system(b) riddle statementPernyataan MasalahNowadays, automatic plant irrigator system is commonly applied in agriculture such as domestic gardening. In this industry, automatic plant irrigator system usually used to supply water to maintain soil moisture so plants can grow well.Unfortunately, the re are still gardeners or farmers who maintain use manually watering technique because not all of them afford to buy the system. Over-watering possibility would occur if this manual process is still practiced. It will caused the plants submerge if supply too much water for them. Sometime this manual technique also select the process water late reachinges or does not reach the roots of plants and this will cause the plant get dried. Lack of water can be harmful to the plant or compensate can record it withered. The effect of this lack of water can also slow down the process of plant growth and will also affect the light pitch of the plants. In the conventional system, farmers also need monitor the irrigation timetable, as each plant has a different time in terms of watering time.An automatic plant irrigation monitoring system is the good solution to overcome this problem. This irrigation system is not only provides a good hydration system for plant but also provides the contro ller that allows the drug user to decline their irrigation system operation. Users also can set the level of moisture that is allowed according to the specification in the soil so their crops will always have a maintained moisture level.(c) Objective (s) of the ProjectObjektif ProjekTo compare the sensitivity of two reference of sensor probe that was made of unsoiled steel and copperTo design reliable soil moisture sensorTo design automatic plant irrigator monitoring system(c) Project ScopeSkop ProjekThis project will be focus to design low cost automatic plant irrigation. The project involves the evolution of manually watering techniques to automatic watering techniques. The absolute of the automatic watering system in an agricultural. To complete this project in such systematic and organized manners, some scope and limitation should be set accordingly.Sensor used to control the watering system is soil moisture sensor. There are several software will be used, the software is li vewire that been used to simulated the circuit. The second software that will be used in this project Visual Basic 6 that been used to implement the graphical user interface for PIC as the system controller.The communication between Visual Basic and automatic plant irrigator system will be determined by using an address to give or receive digital or analog signal.(e) Literature ReviewKeterangan latar belakang projek kajian literatureSoil moisture sensorSensor is a device which used to measure a physical quantity and convert this information into a signal that can be read by the observer or a tool. 1The Sensor converts one form of energy into another form because the sensor is a transducer. For this reason, the sensor is categorized according to the type of energy transfer that they detected. Soil moisture measurement provides very useful information to agriculture, such as agriculture farm, soil stability, soil moisture and construction activities. 2The probe cream for sensor is v ery important. This is because the visible that used in the probe. Sensor sensitivity is depending on the material that used to construct the probe and also depends on how the sensor operates. Typically, soil moisture sensor is based on the vindication value of the soil. Water is a type of electric conductance. So generally, if the resistance is low, the soil is dry and vice versa. 3.Gypsum block is a product of the low cost soil moisture monitoring. Their low cost and ease of interpretation make this block is particularly suitable for seasonal crops. There are two electrodes embedded in the gypsum block. When gypsum wet, it will conduct electric easily and when gypsum dry, it is a unworthy conductor. A pair of electrode within the block will measure the change in the resistance. It is possible directly using a pair of electrode measure the immunity in the soil but the measurement will influence by changes in soil conductivity brought about by salt and other ingredients. The ion gypsum provided a buffer against the effects of salt and nutrients. It is very effective for prevention of salt ions from reaching the electrode and to ensure the sensor is only responding to moisture level. 4PICMicrocontroller is a reckoner on- a- chip. It is a type of intelligence processor that can be programmed for collecting data from input. Microcontroller frequently uses in automatically control devices such as aloof control system, toys and hardware. 5PIC is used as the main brain system in a moisture monitoring system. Technically, PIC is used to converts analog signals to digital signal that can be read by computer that provided the view of monitoring system. In the measurement of soil moisture, the soil moisture sensor latent to measure the variance (voltage) across the probe and transmit the measure to the PIC. PIC will convert the reading into the soil moisture level. This is achieved by setting the transformation unit into the PIC programmed.6Irrigation SystemThe main purpose of Automatic irrigation management system is proposed to offer the following benefits first, it is able to provide the amount of water need by plants in the field. Second, it can eliminate the time and scheduling system for watering plants. Third, it also managed to contain the pressures caused by over-watering plants. In conclusion, this system is to promote the pen and production water. 7With the increasing needs for agriculture, human start to realize that agriculture activity are needs plentiful source of water just like how they need water to survive. As time goes by, the increase in population and the area of settlement grows wider. So, human has created a device that allows them to get water even they are far from the water source. The earliest system known as aqueducts. 8Soil Moisture Monitoring SoftwareThe software is designed to monitor system operation. This is to record the measurement of soil moisture so that can be used as a reference for plant watering strategies to produce better yields. The data recording is very important since different patterns in the irrigation schedule do affect the crops growth. 9The concept of monitoring system is also beneficial to operators to succor them monitor for any abnormalities in the system during operation. The software also provides a graphical display system operation. The display helps the operator to determine the level of soil moisture and watering system conditions during operation. This will ensure the system is healthy and operate normally. 10Soil water percentage experimentBefore starting the experiment, the method of calculation needs to be determined first. For this project, the water percentage will be calculated by referring to the mass of dry soil. This method will apply three general equations which are normally used to determine the water percentage using the oven dry method.(d) MethodologyKaedah projekFor sensing unit, the design stage is started with the soil moisture sensor circuit design. In this project, the voltage divider circuit is used. After the soil moisture circuit has been confirmed, the next step is determining the material that is used as a sensor probe. Here are two types of probes were used which is stainless steel and copper. Experiment and analysis will be conducted on both of the probe. Result from both of the probe will be taken and compared to determine which probe more suitable as a sensor probe.The selection of reliability sensor is depend on the high electric conductivity and also has a high corrosion resistance. The sensor probe is build of two rods which are separated for 2 cm. The two rods are separated so that when the probe is inserted into the soil there will be a potential difference across them. These potential difference is varies with the soil resistivity.The microcontroller used in this project is the Duemilanove Arduino. The Arduino is equipped with the Atmega328 PIC with a built in USB interface which provides an eas y nonparallel connection between the controller and computer to provide the GUI display. The Arduino is programmed to obtain the voltage reading from the sensing unit and display it.Action unit in the project is automatic plant irrigator system. This unit consists of two small units which is water pumps and dripping system. Water pumps supplying 240V power supply and its operation is controlled by a relay. That is triggered by the arduino.(g) ReferencesApplication of sensor manual, conventions and Basic, 1999R.Frank, Research on the soil moisture sensor, 2000C.C. Shock, R. Flock, E. Feibert, C.A. Shock, A. Pereira, L. Jensen, Irrigation Monitoring with Soil Water Tension. Oregan State University, 2005Model KS-D1 owners manual, DELMHORST INSTRUMENT CO.Application of Microcontroller manual, Principle and the BASIC Stamp, 1999. Juang, J.-N. Ekong, D.U. Carlson, C. Longsdorf, W. Miller, M. , A Computer-Based Soil Moisture Monitoring and Hydrating System, System Theory, 2007. SSST 07. Thirty-Ninth Southeastern Symposium on , vol., no., pp.142-144, 4-6 March 2007Julie S.Chang. Western Washington University. 10-22-2006C. Brouwer, K. Prins, M. Kay, M. Heibloem. Irrigation Water Management Irrigation Methods, Rome, Italy Publications Division, sustenance and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1988C. O. Akinbile, M. S. Yusff, Growth, Yield and Water use Pattern of Chilli Pepper under Different Irrigation Scheduling and Management, Asian Journal of boorish Research, 5(2), pp 154 163, 2011.Y. Zhao, J. Zhang, J. Guan, W. Yin, Study on precision water-saving irrigation automatic control system by plant physiology, Industrial Electronics and Applications, 2009. ICIEA 2009. 4th IEEE Conference on , vol., no., pp.1296-1300, 25-27 May 2009D entrance fee TO EQUIPMENT AND MATERIAL / KEMUDAHAN SEDIA ADA UNTUK KEGUNAAN BAGI PROJEK INIEquipmentPeralatanLocationTempatEBUDGET /BELANJAWAN cheer indicate your estimated budget for this projectSila nyatakan anggaran baje t bagi cadangan projek iniBudget detailsButiran belanjawanAmount requested by applicantJumlah yang dipohonoleh pemohonComment by panelFYP 1PSM 1(RM)FYP 2PSM 2(RM)E (i)Project Materials SuppliesBekalan dan Bahan ProjekCopper rods(Rm5.00)PCB BOARD(RM2.00)E (ii)Maintenance and Minor regenerate ServicesBaik pulih kecil dan ubahsuaiE (iii)Professional ServicesPerkhidmatan IkhtisasE (vi)Accessories andEquipmentAksesori dan PeralatanTOTAL AMOUNTJUMLAH BESARRM7.00FDeclaration by candidate / Akuan Calon(Please tick ( )) / (Sila tanda ( ))I hereby witness thatSaya dengan ini mengaku bahawaAll information stated here are accurate, Supervisor and panel has right to reject or to cancel this proposal without prior notice if there is any inaccurate information given.Semua maklumat yang diisi adalah benar, Penyelia dan panel berhak menolak permohonan atau membatalkan tawaran cadangan ini pada bila-bila masa sekiranya keterangan yang dikemukakan adalah tidak benar.Application of this Project Pr oposal is presented for a FYP 1 seminar.Permohonan cadangan projek projek ini dikemukakan untuk Seminar PSM 1.Date Candidates Signature Tarikh Tandatangan Calon ___________________________GRecommended by FYP SupervisorPerakuan Penyelia PSMPlease tick ( )Sila tandakan ( )RecommendedDiperakukanA. Highly RecommendedSangat DisokongB. RecommendedDisokongC. Not Recommended (Please specify reason)Tidak Disokong (Sila Nyatakan Sebab)CommentsUlasanName SignatureNama TandatanganDateTarikh appurtenance A Flow Chart of Project ActivitiesStartProposing a project titleDevelopment of monitoring system for Automatic Plant IrrigatorLiterature ReviewSoil Moisture SensorPIC3. Irrigation SystemDesign the systemSystem block diagramSoil Moisture Sensor Circuit3. Programming PICSystem ConstructionRun simulation for sensor circuit using LiveWire ProSystem hardware and software constructionSystem testing and analysisFinal report typography and submissionEndAppendix B Project Schedule of Project Activi ties (Gantt chart)Project PlanningList major activities involved in the proposed project. Indicate duration of each activity to the think month(s).20122013Project ActivitiesSept.Oct.Nov.Dec.Jan.Feb.Mac.Apr.MayJuneFinding out the project title and proposal submissionSearch for relevance information with the projectDesigning and testing of the sensing unitDesigning and testing of the action unitIntegrating the sensing and the action unitRun testing and analysisFinal report writingAppendix C TURNITIN Report must be attached

Kautilyas Arthasastra: Military Aspects

Kautilyas Arthasastra Military AspectsCHAPTER IINTRODUCTION1. ground forces has been regarded from time immemorial as whizz of the inbred instruments for the main cristalance of a state. Kings, not just now in India but throughout the ancient world, adduceed hearty organised and soundly equipped sleeveies both for the defense and expansion of their kingdoms. History is abounds in instances that whenever whatsoever ruler or state neglected the proper maintenance of their armies, unpleasant results in the form of loss of reign or territory have occurred. The study of the organisation and judgeship of the the States of a particular country in a particular period sh both forever give clues of its basic fabric. The outcome under study deals with the role of Kautilyas Arthasastra in organising and administrating big armies and its relevance in todays world armies.2. Kautilyas Arthasastra had never been forgotten in India and is practic in altogethery mentioned in later li terature, sometimes eulogistically and sometimes derisively. But the text itself was not operational in modern times until, dramatically, a full text on palm leaf in the grantha script , along with a fragment of an old commentary by Bhattasvamin, came into the hands of Dr R Shamasastry of Mysore in 1904 who was then the bibliothec of the Mysore Government Oriental Library. He published not precisely the text (1909) and an English translation (1915) but in any case an index Verborum in three volumes list every word in the text. Subsequently another original manuscript and some fragments, in a variety of scripts, were discovered as well as old commentaries of the text. An another author Dr RP Kangle of the University of Bombay devoted many years of painstaking edition and comparing the various texts and translations. His monumental three volume edition of the Arthashastra was set-back published amongst 1960 and 1965 with detailed note.13. Kautilyas Arthasastra is a treatise on ar tha and sastra. 3. Artha is an all- embracing word with a variety of meanings in 1.7.6-7 , it is used in the sense of material well being in 15.1.1 livelihood in 1.4.3, economically productive activity, particularly in agriculture, cattle rearing and trade and, in general, wealth as in the wealth of nations. Arthashastra is thus the science of politics as it is used in 1.1.1 or 1.4.3 .It is the art of governance in its widest sense. The subjects covered include administration law, vagabond and justice taxation, revenue and exp terminusiture foreign policy defence and war.4. Kautilyas Arthasastra contains fifteen adhikaranas or books. Of these the first pentad deal with tantra or the internal administration of the state. The undermentioned eight deals with avapa or its relation with the neighbouring states and the last two argon miscellaneous in character. The eighth adhikarna or book is concerned with vyasanas, that is, the calamities ,shortcomings or weakness impact the variou s prakritis. It is necessary to overcome the shortcomings before any aggressive activity stinkpot be under shell outn. The ninth adhikarna deals with preparation for war and describe the kinds of military personnel that should be mobilised for an expedition, the proper seasons for starting an expedition, the precautions to be taken and the dangers to be guarded against before starting and so on . The tenth book deals with biting, and describes the camping of the soldiery, its troop, various modes of fighting, types of combat arrays and other topics.4 hence this study shall generally concentrate on book eight, nine and ten in particular and other books in general.5. The Legend K autilya This master idea, who could relieve a definitive treatise on economics and government at a time when large parts of the world was steeped in intellectual darkness? both sources of Indian tradition Brahmanical , Buddist and jain-agree that Kautilya (also refer to as Vishnugupta in a stanza included at the end of the work) destroyed the Nanda dynasty and installed Chandra Gupta Maurya in the throne of Magadha. The name Kautilya denotes that he is of the Kutila gotra Chanakya shows him to be the son of Chanaka and Vishnugupta was his personal name6 Kautilya then retired from active life and reflected on all that he had learnt during the process of overthrowing Dhana-Nanda. Since he found the earlier works on discreetness unsatis grammatical constituenty in many respects, he composed his own definitive work presenting his ideas concerning the ways in which a ruler should gain power and maintain his authority. He was way ahead of his times in his thinking and covered every conceivable aspect on the art of politics and warfare, which could be imagined at the time he lived. For Kautilya, military strategy was an integral part of the science of polity and he made no distinction between military techniques and statecraft. Kautilyas Arthashastra is a practical work which co uld have been written only by one who had implemented the tactics which he preached. How to form alliances, how to organise and administer them, how to attack a powerful king, how to deal with revolts in rear, what tricks to play on gullible people- there is plenty of evidence in the text to indicate that the author was freehanded reliable life answers to every conceivable hypothetical situation.6. Statecraft and engagement craft have changed over the centuries due to the fast changing technology and increasing requirements of charitable beings. Kautilya a mastermind contributed immensely to the development of the same, his extraordinary arrangement of mesh groups in war and administering them during peace keeping all extraneous factors in mind dormant remains a masterpiece for century armies.CHAPTER II METHODOLOGYStatement of Problem7. To study the military aspects as enunciated by Kautilya in Arthashastra with a specific reference to organisation and administration and emp ennagevass its relevance for todays armies.Justification of the Study8. The Legend Kautilya in his renowned work ARTHASHASTRA has dealt with various contemporary subjects which form the basis of Chandragupta Mauryas rule and victories, in fact there is a general view that Kautilyas Arthashastra deals only with matters of foreign policy and economy. It is seldom realised that a cracking portion of this book does in fact, deal extensively with matters of military, he indeed consolidated all the prevailing grand strategy and tactics of those times and gave his knowing opinion on the subjects, which ultimately led to victories of Chandragupta Maurya , who never lost a single budge. It thus emerges that the brilliance of Kautilya was not only in diplomacy but also in warfare, but the fact that strikes out is that he was able to lay down methods to organise and manage the build up forces in a considerable empire. The concepts of military administration and organisation in war and pea ce were inadvertently covered and spread out in all the adhikaranas, thus leading for topic of research for bringing forth, integrating and analysing those sublime aspects of organisation and administration which organize the bed rock of administering and organising large armies as of Mauryan empire, and at the same time analyse its relevance for 20th century armies.Scope9. This study concentrates on the relevance of Kautilyas teachings with regard to military aspects in general and organisational and administrational aspects in detail including the aspects of tactics, strategy. The study aims to counselling on aspects, which are still relevant for the better management of a large army like ours.10. Methods of Data Collection.The in governing body has been gathered from books, journals and the internet. The bibliography of sources is appended at the end of the text.Chapterisation11. The subject under study shall be covered under following chapters CHAPTER III ORGANISATION OF ARMY 12. Chandragupta maintained a large standing army , though he acquired a big army from his Nanda predecessors, he made impressive accretions to its intensity level, so that it stood at six lakh base,30000 horses,9000 elephants and 8000 chariots . An efficient war property supervised this powerful army. Its thirty members were divided into five member boards . The six boards were (a) Admirality.(b) Transport.(c) Commissariat and Army Service Infantry.(d) Cavalry.(e) Chariots.(f) Elephants.13. Kautilya had divided the army into four arms i.e Patti or Padati(Infantry), Asva(Cavalry), Ratha(Chariots) and Hast (Elephants) and hence it was named as Chaturangabala or the four limbed army headed by their respective Adyakshas or Superintendents7. They had Following roles to play(a) War Elephants. The king relied mainly on elephants for achieving victory in battles. They were the premium arm of the army and relied on their strength and shock effect to route the enemy from the battle field. They were required to destroy all arms of the service of the enemy and to break his battle formations. Kautilya has laid much emphasis on the use of elephants as a battle winning factor with following functions(i) Marching in motion, making new roads.(ii) Protecting the flanks.(iii) Helping to cross water and climb and descend from mountains.(iv) Breaking up enemys unbroken ordains, tread enemys army.(v) Causing terror, capturing battle positions.(vi) Destroying ramparts, gates, and towers.(b) The Cavalry. The cavalry being the most mobile arm in the army was used to influence the battle. It was tasked for the following.(i) Reconnoitring battle grounds, camping sites, forests.(ii) Securing train grounds, water supply sources.(iii) Destroying enemies and protecting own supplies and reinforcements.(iv) Extending the range of raids.(v) Assault the enemys battle formation.(vi) Attack the enemy from the rear.(vii) Cut off the enemys line of supply.(viii) Isolate the enemys strong po int.(ix) take up retreat so as to persuade the en to pursue, once the enemy lost its cohesion the cavalry was supposed to turn around and rout him.(x) refurbishment of sit by plugging bedspreads in own def made by enemys assault.(xi) Making the initial attack, penetrating or breaking through(xii) Pursue the defeated en.(xiii) rallying the troops.8(c) Chariots. The war chariots had lost their effectiveness particularly against well trained cavalry, Maurian army retained war chariots as an independent arm, and they were restricted to a single discourtesy role of launching a charge against infantry and a near static protective role. The arm lacked versatility and was too sensitive to terrain it could produce result only under ideal conditions. According to Kautilya the chariots were to act as the mainstay of the formation in offensive and defensive roles. Their main function was to break up the opponents battle formation during offensive operations and repulse the enemy assault o wn formation and recapture lost ground by counter attack.(d) Infantry. There were primarily two types of infantry in Mauryan times, archers and spearmen and both were employed together. Archers per create the role of close support weapons as well as artillery and spearman carried out close combat. The spearman carried a large shield for protection. Chandragupta Maurya had turned the infantry into large standing force like the other three arms in the service. Infantry was the main fighting arm as it had the ability to fight over all types of terrain during all seasons and both by day and night. They were also used to protect captured grounds. Apart from the tasks mentioned above, the infantry was also supposed to give close support to the other arms ie the Elephants and the Chariots9.Organizational Structure14. Kautilya had emphasised on hierarchal system for administration of army. The structure of the defence forces at the highest levels was as shown below commandant -in- head wor dSenapati(Chief of Defence)Chief Commanders of Chariot Corps Elephant Corps Cavalry InfantryDivisional Commanders28. The headspring of the four wings were subordinates to the chief of defense. Under the Chief Commanders, there were Divisional commanders. There were other officers such(prenominal) as Camp Superintendents who were given specific functions during the march to battle. The structure below the level of Divisional Commanders is specific to battles.29. Every division of the formation had its own distinguishing trumpet sound, flags and banners, these were be used to signal the commands to the division-dividing themselves in to sections, get together together ,halting, advancing, turning and attacking. Battalion commanders and Divisional Commanders were responsible for moblisation and demoblisation. Secret agents, prostitutes, artists and artisans and retired military officers were kept to watch over the loyalty or otherwise of soldiers.Duties of Defence Officials30. The Ch ief of Defence.(a) Qualifications. The chief of defence was suppose to be an expert in the use of all kinds of weapons used in warfare, riding elephants, horses and chariots and he was conversant with the relative strength of the four wings of the army and how to deploy them in battle.(b) Responsibilities.(i) Discipline in armed forces.(ii) Formations.(iii) Strategy and Tactics.(aa) Choose the trump out time to start an expedition.(ab) Choose the best terrain and the best season for fighting.(ac) Arrange the disposition of own forces (in the light of the enemies array).(ad) Plan the breakup of the enemies rank.(ae) Destroy enemies scattered troops.(af) Besiege and destroy enemy forts.31. The Chief Commander Of Elephant Corps. Responsibilities were-(a) Protection of elephants.(b) Construction and Maintenance of stables, stalls.(c) Training of elephants.(d) Assigning tasks to them.(e) Equipping them for war32. The Chief Commanders Of Other Corps. Responsibilities Common to all were(a ) Knowledge of different type of equipment required for his wing and use of such equipment in war.(b) Giving appropriate training.(c) Keeping account of equipment and animals under his charge.(d) Maintaining their equipment in good condition and repairing them when necessary.(e) Supervising the work of all employed by him.(f) Maintaining Discipline.(g) Reporting to the king the state of readiness of his troops10.33. Other Commanders-(a) Commander of the Kings Guard (Antarvamsika). This very high official, who ranked just below the septet highest paid officials including the senapati, mustiness have been an army general, promoted later on having held the appointment of director-general of his own arm. He was directly in line for promotion to senapati. He was in the ease up scale of 24,000 pannas, in the same scale as the kings chamberlain and the chancellor. His importance was due to his responsibility for the security of the king and other members of the royal family in the pal ace. There must have been two other officers directly under his command who assisted him in ensuring the safety and security of the king and the royal family. One was the commander of the phallic guards who guarded the palace and the commander of the female archers who were detailed as immediate guards for the kings person and his personal quarters.(b) Commander of the Marches (Antapala) The antapala was responsible for guarding the borders of the State. For this purpose border posts were effected their primary purpose was a check on entry of enemy agents, undesirable elements, collection of customs duties and control over the entry of foreigners. Kautilya advocates the establishment of only four border posts, one in each direction of the compass. The siting of border posts on naturally defensible terrain is advocated so these must have served a defensive purpose as well. The antapala must have been a military officer, possibly with detachments from the army for the protection of his posts.(c) Durgapala. Durgapala (fort commanders) must have been army officers who also commanded detachments of regular troops which acted as garrisons, Kautilya mentions at least one fortified city or cracking of the State which needed a durgapala. In the text, he refers to other forts. sited to take advantage of naturally defensible terrain. Larger States obviously had more than one fort which acted as bases for military operations and offered refuge in case of need.Types of military man33. Kautilya lists six types of troops which may become available to a king and examines the relative merits. The troops are maula (standing army), bhrta (local volunteers auxiliaries), serni (organized mercenaries), mitra ( trops of an ally), amrta ( enemy deserters) and atavi ( tribal levies). 11(a) Maula Troops.These are the standing army of a state composed of soldiers who may have served the kings family for several generations. They are residents of the state and their interest coincide s with those of the king. Their loyalty is assured, their weapons, equipments and the animals are the best the state can proffer and their motivation and state of training is high. It is however only prudent that a proportion of this force be left behind for the security of the state. Kautilya recommends that around one- one-quarter of the maula troops be left in the capital. The maula troops should form a large part of an expeditionary force if (i) The enemys troops are well trained.(ii) The campaign is expected to be difficult and hard.(iii) Other available troops are punic.(iv) Surplus maula troops are available after fully meeting the requirements of the capital and the rest of the state.(b) Bhrta troops.These are locally raised volunteers engaged for the duration of the campaign. They are either veterans or first time volunteers, usually trained in the manipulation of personals weapons. By profession they were either farmers or small traders who decided to take part in a ca mpaign. As natives they have a stake in the security and welfare of the state. Such troops are reverted back to their professions after the end of the campaign. Their employment is recommended if-(i) The enemy is weak and a large number of volunteers are available.(ii) The campaign is expected to be easy with little actual fighting.(iii) Success is more or less assured by the use of other kernel like covert operations or diplomatic efforts.(c) Sreni troops.These were trained, equipped and organised bodies of mercenaries under their own leaders who were available for hire to fight for a qualify period of time. Their employment is recommended when-(i) The opposing forces consist of primarily mercenaries.(ii) Much hard fighting is not anticipated.(iii) Sreni troops are available in adequate numbers pool for the campaign as well as for the defence of the capital.(d) Mitra troops.These are troops loaned for a campaign by an ally. Their utilisation is advocated if -(i) Such troops are available in large numbers.(ii) A short campaign is anticipated because of good chances of early success of diplomatic moves underway.(iii) To oblige an ally.(iv) It is proposed to deal at first with the mo part of enemys army, with his allies and his population centres, prior to attacking his main forces.(e) Amrita troops.These comprise enemy deserters and prisoners of war. They are not to be trusted but their employment is recommended if the eventual(prenominal) outcome of battle is of little consequence.(f) Atavi Levies. These were bands of tribesmen from the jungle who join the king under the command of their own chiefs with the primary purpose of collecting loot. These bands and amitra troops are unreliable and Kautilya considers both categories as dangerous as a snake. The above two categories of troops may be employed if-(i) If they are available in large numbers to attack the enemys cities and irregular troops.(ii) It is proposed to delay the employment of the main force.(i ii) It is Politic to get rid of them because their loyalty is suspect. Atavi troops may be employed as guides or to counter the use of similar to levies by the enemy both categorys of troops.34. An army composed of units recruited from diverse sources and ready to fight for plunder may be an energetic army. On the other hand, an army whose soldiers belong to the same region, caste or profession is a mighty army it will continue to fight even if its pay is in arrears and there is shortage of food. It shows bravery even in adverse conditions and its loyalty cannot be subverted.35. A king should make efforts to handicap the mobilisation of his opponent. His potential recruits should be intercepted and if necessary recruited into own army. Such personnel should however be discharged at the right time but well before the commencement of actual operations.Analysis36. A close analysis of Organisational structure propounded by Kautilya in his Arthashastra is a sterling resemblance of what is followed in Indian Army with slight modifications. And it is clearly evident that the basic finer intricacies of the organisation remained the same though the gross structure underwent a change keeping up-to-the-minute technological development in mind.37. Kautilya was way ahead in his times with clear vision and military thinking thus created an organisational structure catering for civilised supremacy and ensured effective coordination between various components of the army which is still relevant at large. Chandra Gupta Maurya had a large standing army to manage similar to that of Indian Army and without a sound organisational structure it would have been virtually impossible to achieve victories which he had set for himself.38. Kautilya had clearly categorised his army into various army corps i.e Cavalry, Elephants, Infantry, Chariots etc with a clear division of roles in war, which is very much akin to our present system of various line directorates in our armies.He had a lso formed clear command and control structure with minimum scope for ambiguity. He had emphasised on Hierarchical system Command and control in armed forces some 2300 years ago which is still relevant in todays times.39. The organisation of the Maruan army was little different than the one followed in our army today. Though a striking similarity is the presence of the adyakshas that can be related to our line directorate which are too led by a Lieutenant General. The rank structure is not restricted to any arm but common throughout the army. To elaborate, the pattika was a rank not belonging to a particular arm but he commanded elements of all the arms. This helped in better command and control. This also ensured of a clear demarcation of command structure which was irrespective of the arm, this practice is still followed.40. When coming to appointment of heads of departments, Kautilya had ensured that they had requisite degree of qualifications for tenanting that kind of appointme nt and had a clear defined standards and roles for all of them, which is still largely relevant in our armies where natural selection processes ensure that the said officer had undergone necessary courses and has a requisite skills suitable for tenanting that kind of appointment.41. Kautilya had imposed various degrees of confidence in terms of loyalty and one depending upon the community of troops, probably a relevant thing in those times, but in present times it is debatable whether it is relevant or not as for some community specific armies it may hold good but in Indian context, though the Indian army still have handsome regiments based on caste system but the pedestal of loyalty and integrity attributed to each community is the same thus this particular thing is not relevant to Indian Army of present times.42. Kautilya proposed to have a standing core army consisting of officials down to the Pattika and the regular soldiers to be recruited for the period of war. Specialists like elephant riders archers etc were also recommended to be retained as permanent soldiers. Though India has a large standing army which is used both for protection of its borders and for launching offensive. There is no differentiation in the kind of troops used for both the tasks as envisaged by Kautilya. Probably We can have littler standing army which can be well trained and equipped with the best of the equipment. On the other hand we can have a larger component of Territorial Army that can be mobilised before an operation. The defensive formation can have Territorial Army and some of the regular troops where as the strike formations can be composed of regular troops. This will help in reducing the defence expenditure and the money saved could be better used for equipping and training of the regular troops.CHAPTER IV ORGANISATI ON OF LAND FORCES IN OPERATIONSBrave men, giving up their lives in good battles, reach in one moment even beyond those (worlds), which Brahmins, desir ous of heaven, reach by a large number of sacrifices, by penance and by many gifts to worthy persons- Kautilya43. Kauilya gives an staring(a) description of how to arrange the land forces for a set piece of battle, starting with positioning various kinds of forces at various echelons of battle field after giving due considerations to planning parameters. War fighting as propounded by Kautilya has an uncanny resemblance to the methodology in practice today. He was a believer of a strong central force along with two wings which can manoeuvre and the importance of reserves. He is perhaps one of the first thinkers to suggest a tactical sort out of forces with a clear cut commander. This helped in easier organisation of the forces as well as downsizing the army when not in need.tactical Grouping.44. Grouping of arms for battle at the lowest level has been practised in ancient India since epic times. Kautilya suggested a standard form of grouping of all arms, for the first time ever. Th e suggested groups corresponds to a remarkable degree with the current practice in modern armies adopted well after WW II . The lowest grouping was at platoon level, a group now referred to as combat team. Because of this remarkable similarity, the modern designations of combat team, combat group and combat command.12 Each horse was back up by six foot soldiers three of which were archers (Pratiyodhas) and the remaining three were armed with a sword, spear and a shield (Pratigopas) Initially the archers were placed in front so that they could exploit the range of their weapons and as the battle came to close turn over, they would recede and the pratigopas would come in front.45. Patti. Each elephant or a chariot enjoyed the support of five horse groups. This entire group including an elephant / chariot, five horses, 15 Pratiyodhas and 15 Pratigopas formed the lowest tactically grouped sub unit called the Patti. The patti was commanded by a Pattika.46. Sena. Consisted of ten pattie s and was commanded by a Senapati or a battle group under a battalion/regimental commander and ten or less senas formed a brigade commanded by a Nayaka.47. Intervals .There are two sets of intervals or gaps between the files and ranks laid down by Kautilya, one is a narrow gap with the proviso to increase it by double or three times and the other is a larger gap between archers which extends to other arms. It is possible that smaller gaps are for forming up on ceremonial and drill purposes (close order) were archers do not need extended space and larger intervals (open order) for battle information. In a battle formation adopted in an open order the minimum gap between two files of archers was one dhanu(bow) of five hastas(forearm) or 2.5 mtrs, between horses it was three dhanu(7.5 mtrs) and between elephants or Chariots it was five dhanus(12.5 mtrs). The interval between the centre and a wing as well as a wing and its flank was also 12.5 mtr. Kautilya does not indicate the gap to b e maintained between ranks but it may safely be assumed that the interval between sub ranks,ie. Within a rank of elephant or chariots, i.e between a sub rank of patiyodhas and a horse would be three dhanus and between ranks, i.e the rare sub rank or padagopas of the front rank and the front sub rank of patiyodhas of the second or centre rank would be five dhanus(12.5 mtrs). These intervals could be increased in unity with the ground available for battle and the size of the force to be deployed.48. Reserves. Reserves held an important place in the battle formations as per Kautilya, reserves were directly voluminous in shaping of the battle field and were placed directly under the control of the king. A firm base was to be established on a suitable terrain approximately 600 -700 m behind the army and it was here that the reserves were placed. The reserve consisted of about one third of the best available troops. The king was aware to be stationed at this firm base after the actual fighting commenced and be in a position to influence the battle by displace reinforcement when and where needed and to make the firm base as a rallying point in case of a reverse.1349. Standard battle formation (vyuha). A standard brigade group was formed for battle is referred to as a standard battle formation or array. Additions and alterations were made to it, according to a formula, in order to accommodate additional troops available for deployment. The standard brigade group deployed five senas each which contained nine to ten pattis total troops deployed were(a) Elephants or Chariots 45(b) Horses 225(c) Patiyodhas(archers) 675(d) Padagopas(foot soldiers) 675This force of five senas formed up in five groups i.e centre (urasysa) in middle, the right wing (kaksa) and the left wing (kaksa) after an interval of 12.5 mtrs on both sides and after another similar interval the right flank and the left flank (paksa). Each of these groups or senas formed up for battle in three ranks of three elephants each (three patti). Each elephant had three horse groups in front and two behind it with standard deployment as illustrated earlier. Thus making a total of 27 archers a head of each sena. The archers could effectively utilise their long range capability before close contact was made with the enemy and the change over placed them with the spearmen behind the horses, just prior to the two sides engaged in close combat. However in such a deployment the interval between elephants was at around nine dhanus or 22 mtrs which is tactically unsound and out of supporting range of neighbouring elephants , in any case Kautilya places the suitable gap between elephants at 12.5 mtrs. The only solution seems to be to for

China Overpopulation Solutions

China Overpopulation SolutionsOver population is champion of the serious issue that todays world is facing. China is cognise as the country with the highest population (CIA). In order to prevent their massive population growth, China introduced the One-Child Policy. It is a policy implemented by the Chinese goernment with the purpose of controlling the enormous population in Peoples Republic Of China. With the establishment of One-Child Policy, there are a lot of benefits and impacts to Chinese society and family. Regarding this topic, this essay allow illust point the positive and negative effects of this policy. later on the death of Mao Zedong in 1976, Chinas population was glide path one billion-mark, which concerned the new Chinese government. Because of the overwhelmed population growth, Chinese citizens were encouraged to have only two pincerren per family in late 1978. The policy helped to decline just about half of population growth in China during that time but it d id not reach their expectation. Later in 1979, Chinas leader Deng Xiaoping introduced the One-Child Policy, requiring a family to have only one child. The Central Committee of Chinese Communist Party formally instituted One-Child Policy on September 25th, 1980 (Pletcher, 2014). Along with this burdensome policy, it comes with two main positive effects, social and family. As for the boon social effect, the most obvious effect is that it limits the population growth efficiently. It is seen that the population was reduced by over a half. Since 1979, experts at the national Population and Family Planning Commission of China said, the policy has prevented to a greater extent than four hundred million extradites in the country (Jaime FlorCruz, 2011). After the introduction of the One-Child Policy, the fertility rate in China fell down from over three births per woman in 1980 to approximately 1.54 in 2011 (Data from World Bank, 2014). Moreover, the reduction in the rapid growth has reduc ed some serious issues that cause by overpopulation like health, education, law enforcement, and early(a) destructions. Another social consequence is the economic growth. When there is higher in the birth rate, the slower of the economic growth occurs, thus One-Child Policy could have contributed to the increase of economic growth. With the lower population, the bureau could contribute their deal with a high living standard. They might get a high level of schooling, perfect healthcare as well as other accessibility. Then people will lead to be the high quality, which are very crucial for innovations and creations, to develop their country for sustained economic growth. Obviously, China is one of the Worlds largest economic in term of the population, but in fact, the GDP per capital still low in some area. According to Prof. Zhangs research during 1978-1998, 28 Chinese provinces, found that the lower the birth rate, the faster the economic growth. The annual growth rate of the r eal per capital income in that finish was as high as 8.1 percent. At the same time, the birth rate was very lowat only 2 percent (Louisa Wah Hansen, 2013). Simultaneously, the policy has positively effect the family as well. The first thing is the high responsibility in the family. This mean that the parents are able to focus on their only one child and allow them to live in a more safety and wealthy environment under their heedfulness, thus the child would receive much love and zeal from them. To add on, this policy leads to less expense in the family budget. With fewer members, family could settle better in the prosperous demeanor, and wont get into hardship because of carrying so many children.Along with those benefits the essay has mentioned, One-Child policy also scatters a lot of negative effects to the Chinese society and family. Since One-child policy has been established, the population growth rate in China has been declined from 0.9 percent in 2000 to 0.48 percent in 2 012, which is leaded to the lack of merciful resources (World Bank). Recently, the government is very concern about the lack of human resources, thats why they ease one-child policy and allows couples to have two children if they were both born without siblings (BBC, 2013). Moreover China is the country, which has a high preference for son, rather than little girl that is the cause of sex imbalances. One-Child policy has made China become the country, which has male population, more than distaff. According to Business Insider, there were 51 million men more than women in China 2010. In every 100 newborns girls, there are 120 boys, which is the highest sex ratio in the world (Sam, 2013). In addition because of the One-Child policy, the birth population is decreasing while the aging is continuing on increasing from day to day that lead to age dependency. The age of group of people from 0-14 decreased 6.29 percent, from 15-59 increased 3.36 percent, group of 60 and over increased 2. 93 percent and group of 65 and over increased to 1.91 percent (theme Bureau of Statistics of China, 2011). Age dependency will put more pressure to the son of the family to earn more money to support the family and also make the economics of country goes down since the decreasing of the workers. Moreover, female infanticide has happened in China for a long time Chinese girls are twice as likely to die in their first year of life as boys (Infanticide in china,). Despite the democratic nature of Chinese community, many parents consider that having a son is a crucial element of providing for their old age. consequently in severe cases, a baby is killed if it is not of the preferred sex, because of the pressure not to have more than one child (BBC). In addition, the absence of a sibling does not define the outcome of a childs social growth. For the single-child, the nature and structure of his or her family organization can be the rendering factor for his or her lack of sibling contac t. Children with siblings often exchange amongst each other their respective academic and social backgrounds an advantage that single-children dont have. Single-children scat to be influenced more by self-absorbed instincts, commanding more attention in their personal homes. Because parents tend to treat their single-child the way standard parents treat their first-born (with more attention and care due to lack of experience), single-children will generally be more relying on their parents and less independent (Xuefeng). As a result of the one-child policy, a single person can be supporting both their parents and their four grandparents. This forces the parents and grandparents to depend more on retirement savings or pensions, which many people dont have. If those fail, everything depends on the one child. If that child cant support their family, or if the only one child dies, the parents and grandparents will have no one to help them, and no money to support them. So when they lo se their only hope, they will full of depression and no one will be look after them when they get older (rhee71, 2009).As the essay has analyzed, we can see that this policy had contributed a lot of benefits to the society as well as the family in this past few decades. From my perspective, I think China should maintains this One-Child policy because it will helps China to become more advanced, not only in the economic nor social field, but also to promote the human rights. At the same time, there need to have some changes to this policy such as rehabilitation or ease this policy and allow some family to have their second child regarding their family condition like what Two-Child Policy has adopted in late 2013, by letting the family having their second child if one of their parents is an only child.ReferencesCIA. (n.d.). East Southeast Asia China Retrieved from https//www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.htmlPletcher, K. (n.d.). One-child policy, 2014 Retri eved from http//www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1710568/one-child-policyLouisa Wah Hansen. (n.d.). One Child Policy Bane or Boon for Economic Development? Retrieved from http//www.bschool.cuhk.edu.hk/program/article.aspx?id=B07B55F3517CJaime FlorCruz. (2011, October 29).China copes with promise and perils of one-child policy. Retrieved from http//edition.cnn.com/2011/10/28/world/asia/china-one-child/Fertility rate. (2014, January 10). Retrieved from http//www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_met_y=sp_dyn_tfrt_inidim=countryCHNdl=enhl=enq=total fertility rate chinaWorld Bank. (n.d.). Population growth rate China Retrieved from http//www.indexmundi.com/g/g.aspx?v=24c=chl=enBBC. (2013, November 18). China media One-child policy. Retrieved from http//www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-24983007Sam, R. (2013, November 15). Heres the china demographics chart that actually scares us. Retrieved from http//www.businessinsider.com/country-rankings-of-sex-ratio-at-birth-2013-1 1National Bureau of Statistics of China. (2011, April 28). Communiqu of the national bureau of statistics of peoples republic of china on major figures of the 2010 population census1 (no. 1). Retrieved from http//web.archive.org/web/20131108022004/http//www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20110428_402722244.htmInfanticide in china. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.allgirlsallowed.org/infanticide-china-statisticsBBC. (n.d.). Female infanticide. Retrieved from http//www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/abortion/medical/infanticide_1.shtmlXuefeng, C. (n.d.). The social impact of chinas one-child policy. Retrieved from http//web.mit.edu/lipoff/www/hapr/summer03_security/CHEN.pdfrhee71. (2009, March 25). Disadvantages of chinas one-child policy. Retrieved from http//rhee71.edublogs.org/2009/03/25/disadvantages-of-chinas-one-child-policy/

The Dragon Enters the War :: essays research papers

The Dragon Enters the WarIn June 1950, a few months after(prenominal) the announcement of the Beijing-Moscow alliance, the Korean crisis erupted. Early in October, shortly after the South Korean troops crossed the 38th parallel, the CCP made a final last to enter the Korean War to fight the American-led international forces. What precipitated Beijings decision to invade Korea? What were the CCPs motives and objectives in taking part in the Korean conflict ? What kind of bureau did the newly established Sino-Soviet alliance play in Beijings decision to cross the Yalu River? This paper tries to answer those questions.The Chinese ideogram for crisis is a combination of the ideograms for danger and opportunity. To the leading of the Peoples Republic of China, the Korean War was both. As the UN forces advanced north toward the Yalu, Beijing prepared for war. Mao still found the decision to go to war a difficult one, however, despite the pressure to intervene. Following the Inchon lan dings, Kim Il Sung had dispatched two of his top aides to Beijing and asked Mao for emergency help, notwithstanding the Chinese were not ready to make any firm commitment. Stalin, following the landings, also pleaded with the Chinese to go to the aid of the North Koreans. According to Chinese sources, the Soviet leader promised to provide air cover for the Chinese troops and to send Russian troops in the event the Chinese army faltered. Still, Mao hesitated. virtually disturbing to Mao, if the Chinese armies intervened and were pushed back would Stalin really send troops as promised in order to save China? Also of concern, if China became involved in a war with the United States, Chinas dependence on Stalin would inevitably grow, an unsavory thought to Mao. Finally, all hope of conquering Taiwan would evaporate indefinitely. Despite his hesitance, step-by-step Mao moved closer to intervention. On October 1, Sdtalin telegraphed Mao and encouraged him to send volunteer Chinese sold iers into North Korea for the purpose of defending the eye socket north of the 38th Parallel. On October 2, Mao directed the Chinese Politburo to pass a resolution to send these Chinese troops into North Korea, beginning on October 15. The same day, Mao cabled Stalin of Chinas decision to send volunteers into Korea to fight the United States and its lackey Syngman Rhee. Although Chinese preparations for war accelerated, Mao refused to give the green light, perhaps held back by the reservations expressed by some of the other members of the Politburo.